Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Zingiber zerumbet; shampoo ginger

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

y

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Source

Notes

1.01

propagated vegetatively for centuries (brought by Polynesians to Hawaii), possibly sterile now or very low fertility

1.02

(1)"Location Zingiber zerumbet is native to southeast Asia but has been widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas around the world, and has naturalized in some areas. " [doesn't list location, no other reference to naturalization found] (2)Rare occurence on disturbed sites

(1)Floridata.com L.C. (1996-2002) Floridata\Plant Reference. Online database. Available at <http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=Ref_Using&viewsrc=lists/reference.htm> (2)Wunderlin. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. University press of Florida, Gainesville.

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Native habitat: India and Malay Peninsula

Horticopia Trees and Shrubs

2.02

2.03

(1)Requires regular moisture/wet environment (2)USDA zone 7 - 11

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/Z/zing_zer.cfm (2)http://www.tropilab.com/shampooginger.html

2.04

Native habitat: India and Malay Peninsula

Horticopia Trees and Shrubs

2.05

(1) "Wild ginger (Zingiber zerumbet ) is a perennial root herb, which grows in subtropical climates such as India, Southeast Countries, South Pacific Islands and Okinawa Islands"
(2) Hawaii
(3) Sri Lanka
(4) Tahiti

(1) Sawada, S.; Yokoi, T.; Kitayama, T. (2002) Woody fragrance made from a wild ginger: the chemistry of zerumbone. Aroma Research, 2002, Vol.3, No.1, pp.34-39, 38 ref.
(2) Anderson, R. C.; Gardner, D. E. (1999) An evaluation of the wilt-causing bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum as a potential biological control agent for the alien kahili ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum ) in Hawaiian forests. Biological Control, 1999, Vol.15, No.2, pp.89-96, 27 ref.
(3) Ranaweera, S. S. (1996) Mosquito-larvicidal activity of some Sri Lankan plants. Journal of the National Science Council of Sri Lanka, 1996, Vol.24, No.2, pp.63-69, 10 ref.
(4) Lechat-Vahirua, I.; François, P.; Menut, C.; Lamaty, G.; Bessière, J. M. (1993) Aromatic plants of French Polynesia. I. Constituents of the essential oils of rhizomes of three Zingiberaceae: Zingiber zerumbet Smith, Hedychium coronarium Koenig and Etlingera cevuga Smith. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 1993, Vol.5, No.1, pp.55-59, 17 ref.

3.01

(1)"Location Zingiber zerumbet is native to southeast Asia but has been widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas around the world, and has naturalized in some areas. " [doesn't list location, no other reference to naturalization found] (2)Rare occurence on disturbed sites

(1)Floridata.com L.C. (1996-2002) Floridata\Plant Reference. Online database. Available at <http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=Ref_Using&viewsrc=lists/reference.htm> (2)Wunderlin. 1998. Guide to the vascular plants of Florida. University press of Florida, Gainesville.

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Description: Zingiber zerumbet grows to about 7 feet tall with long narrow leaves arranged oppositely along the stem. In mid to late summer, separate stalks grow out of the ground with green cone-shaped bracts that resemble pinecones. The green cone turns red over a couple of weeks and then small creamy yellow flowers appear on the cone. In some locales this plant is known as the "pinecone ginger", but it is most widely known as the "shampoo ginger" for the creamy liquid substance in the cones.

Floridata.com L.C. (1996-2002) Floridata\Plant Reference. Online database. Available at <http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=Ref_Using&viewsrc=lists/reference.htm>

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no evidence

4.06

no evidence

4.07

"Shampoo ginger was used as medicine for sprains, indigestion and other ailments. In traditional use, the root was ground with a stone mortar and pestle, and the pulp was placed in a cloth and loosely bound around the injured area. To ease a stomach ache, the ground and strained root material was mixed with water and drunk. For a toothache or a cavity, the cooked and softened `awapuhi root was pressed into the hollow and left for as long as was needed. "

Floridata.com L.C. (1996-2002) Floridata\Plant Reference. Online database. Available at <http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=Ref_Using&viewsrc=lists/reference.htm>

4.08

no evidence

4.09

(1)"Light: Full sun to partial shade" (2)full sun / partial shade (3)shady areas

(1)Floridata.com L.C. (1996-2002) Floridata\Plant Reference. Online database. Available at <http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=Ref_Using&viewsrc=lists/reference.htm> (2)http://www.tropilab.com/shampooginger.html (3)http://www.ho-tinursery.com/hawaiian.html#Zingiber zerumbet

4.1

"It grows easily, provided sufficient moisture and fertile, organic soil. "

Floridata.com L.C. (1996-2002) Floridata\Plant Reference. Online database. Available at <http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=Ref_Using&viewsrc=lists/reference.htm>

4.11

Description: Zingiber zerumbet grows to about 7 feet tall with long narrow leaves arranged oppositely along the stem. In mid to late summer, separate stalks grow out of the ground with green cone-shaped bracts that resemble pinecones. The green cone turns red over a couple of weeks and then small creamy yellow flowers appear on the cone. In some locales this plant is known as the "pinecone ginger", but it is most widely known as the "shampoo ginger" for the creamy liquid substance in the cones.

Floridata.com L.C. (1996-2002) Floridata\Plant Reference. Online database. Available at <http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=Ref_Using&viewsrc=lists/reference.htm>

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

Zingiberacee

5.03

no evidence

5.04

"Propagation: Propagate by division of clumps or pieces of the rhizome. "

Floridata.com L.C. (1996-2002) Floridata\Plant Reference. Online database. Available at <http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=Ref_Using&viewsrc=lists/reference.htm>

6.01

"This ginger is not truly invasive or any danger to the natural environment, but it will spread in the garden and may overtake other plants if not given plenty of room. "

Floridata.com L.C. (1996-2002) Floridata\Plant Reference. Online database. Available at <http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=Ref_Using&viewsrc=lists/reference.htm>

6.02

"Propagation: Propagate by division of clumps or pieces of the rhizome. "

Floridata.com L.C. (1996-2002) Floridata\Plant Reference. Online database. Available at <http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=Ref_Using&viewsrc=lists/reference.htm>

6.03

no evidence

6.04

[Related species is self-incompatible] -- Flowers of Rio de Janeiro were self pollinated using five different methods, including treatment with sucrose + boric acid prior to pollination, but no seed was obtained irrespective of the method used. It is concluded that a genetically controlled self incompatibility reaction is the reason for the failure to set seed.

Jayachandran, K.; Vijayagopal, P.1979. Attempts on breaking self-incompatibility in ginger (Zingiber officinale R.). Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala, 17, 256-257.f.

6.05

likely -- narrow corolla tube w/inflorescences emerging from the ground (1)Among the 29 species studied, 8 were pollinated by spider hunters (Nectariniidae), 11 by medium-sized Amegilla [Anthophora ] bees (Anthophoridae) and 10 by small halictid bees. These pollination guilds were comparable to the pollination guilds of neotropical Zingiberales, i.e., hummingbird and euglossine bee-pollinated guilds.

Sakai, S., Kato, M, Inoue, T. 1999. Three pollination guilds and variation in floral characteristics of Bornean gingers (Zingiberaceae and Costaceae). American Journal of Botany, 86:646-658.

6.06

"This ginger is not truly invasive or any danger to the natural environment, but it will spread in the garden and may overtake other plants if not given plenty of room. "

Floridata.com L.C. (1996-2002) Floridata\Plant Reference. Online database. Available at <http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=Ref_Using&viewsrc=lists/reference.htm>

6.07

"The Pinecone Ginger is an easy-to-grow pass-along plant that will make a large clump from a single rhizome in a couple of years. "

Floridata.com L.C. (1996-2002) Floridata\Plant Reference. Online database. Available at <http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=Ref_Using&viewsrc=lists/reference.htm>

7.01

no evidence

7.02

(1) "Wild ginger (Zingiber zerumbet ) is a perennial root herb, which grows in subtropical climates such as India, Southeast Countries, South Pacific Islands and Okinawa Islands"

Sawada, S.; Yokoi, T.; Kitayama, T. (2002) Woody fragrance made from a wild ginger: the chemistry of zerumbone. Aroma Research, 2002, Vol.3, No.1, pp.34-39, 38 ref.

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Zingiberacee not adapted to wind dispersal

7.05

does it produce seeds? 'cone turns a scarlet red and will ooze a fragrant juice when squeezed' [no mention of seeds]

http://www.fbmg.com/membershipprograms2001/june01program/gingers.htm

7.06

does it produce seeds?

7.07

does it produce seeds?

7.08

does it produce seeds?

8.01

Seeds rarely formed, not propaged by seed

Floridata.com L.C. (1996-2002) Floridata\Plant Reference. Online database. Available at <http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=Ref_Using&viewsrc=lists/reference.htm>

8.02

Seeds of the Zingiber family have a short viability window

http://www.fbmg.com/membershipprograms2001/june01program/gingers.htm

8.03

[probably yes based on these results from a more invasive congener] A field trial was conducted on non-cropland at Ahuoloa, Hawaii, to monitor the control of white ginger [Zingiber officinale ] (regrown to 0.5 m after slashing) with picloram at 100 g/ha, triclopyr at 2000 g and metsulfuron at 8, 16, 32, 63 and 126 g. Initial injury symptoms from triclopyr and picloram were epinasty and rolling of the leaves. Triclopyr-treated plants began to recover by 6 months after treatment (MAT), while picloram-treated plants did not recover at all. All metsulfuron-treated plants turned chlorotic immediately and stopped growing; however, they were still standing at 3 MAT, although the more severely injured plants collapsed by 6 MAT and were completely replaced by Setaria palmifolia in some plots. The optimum concn of metsulfuron for the control of ginger were 16 and 32 g. A 2nd field trial was conducted in a pasture near Captain Cook to compare

Motooka, P.; Onuma, K.; Nagai, G. 1993. Control of white ginger with metsulfuron.
ED: Lym, R.G., Proceedings of the Western Society of Weed Science, Tuscon, Arizona, USA, 9-11 March 1993.46:22-23

8.04

"Propagation: Propagate by division of clumps or pieces of the rhizome. "

Floridata.com L.C. (1996-2002) Floridata\Plant Reference. Online database. Available at <http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=Ref_Using&viewsrc=lists/reference.htm>

8.05

"AB: The use of R. solanacearum , collected from diseased rhizomes of ginger in the Hamakuma region of Hawaii, USA, as a biological control agent of a weed species, wild ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum ), was evaluated."; " The isolate of R. solanacearum caused minor, non-systemic symptoms on Hedychium coronarium , Zingiber zerumbet , Heliconia latispatha and Musa sapientum [Musa paradisiaca ] "

Anderson, R. C.; Gardner, D. E. (1999) An evaluation of the wilt-causing bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum as a potential biological control agent for the alien kahili ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum ) in Hawaiian forests. Biological Control, 1999, Vol.15, No.2, pp.89-96, 27 ref.