Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC. Family - Fabaceae. Common Names(s) - Japanese wisteria. Synonym(s) - Glycine floribunda Willd. (basionym); Kraunhia floribunda (Wild.) Taub.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

1

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4+

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

12

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence of domestication to reduce invasiveness. However, Trusty et al (2008) used genetic analysis of naturalized Wisteria floribunda and cultivars. Some of the cultivars were found to be less-invasive than W. floribunda.

Trusty, J.L., Lockaby, B.G., Zipperer, W.C., Goertzen, L.R. 2008. Horticulture, hybrid cultivars and exotic plant invasion: a case study of Wisteria (Fabaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 158:593-601.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Japan - Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?42047#common [cited 4/8/2011].

2.02

(1) Native to Japan - Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?42047#common [cited 4/8/2011].

2.03

(1) USDA Hardiness zones: 4a-9b.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55391/ [cited 4/8/2011]

2.04

No evidence of naturalization in tropical regions.

2.05

(1) Wisteria floribunda was introduced from Japan around 1830 as an ornamental. It was popular in the southern U.S. as a decorative addition to porches, gazebos, walls, and gardens. Wisteria is hardy enough to be found in New England, and a few areas farther north.

(1) http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/japwisteria.html [cited 4/8/2011]

3.01

(1) Naturalized in the southeastern United States.

(1) Trusty, J.L., Lockaby, B.G., Zipperer, W.C., Goertzen, L.R. 2008. Horticulture, hybrid cultivars and exotic plant invasion: a case study of Wisteria (Fabaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 158:593-601.

3.02

(1) "Wisterias form dense infestations that spread from horticultural plantings. They tend to establish and spread in forest edges, disturbed areas, and riparian zones, as well as roadsides, ditches, and rights-of-way." [see 3.04, scored as an environmental weed]

(1) Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Wisteria floribunda, W. sinensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [cited 4/8/2011]

3.03

No evidence.

3.04

(1) Wisteria floribunda is hardy and aggressive, capable of forming thickets so dense that little else grows. It constricts the stems of trees and kills them by girdling or over-topping. (2) "Exotic wisterias are long-lived, some vines surviving 50 years or more. Vines impair and overtake native shrubs and trees through strangling or shading. Climbing wisteria vines can kill sizable trees, opening the forest canopy and increasing sunlight to the forest floor, which in turn favors its aggressive growth."

(1) http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/japwisteria.html [cited 4/8/2011. (2) http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants [cited 4/8/2011]

3.05

(1) Wisteria sinensis is considered problematic in bottomland hardwood forests, a plant community which experiences frequent flooding.

(1) Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Wisteria floribunda, W. sinensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [cited 4/8/2011]

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns, burrs.

(1) Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Wisteria floribunda, W. sinensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [cited 4/8/2011]

4.02

Unknown.

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Wisteria floribunda, W. sinensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [cited 4/8/2011]

4.04

(1) Rarely damaged by deer. (2) Highly palatable.

(1) http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:5eOLpwiATh4J:scholar.google.com/+wisteria+floribunda+%2B+%22palatable%22&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 (2) www.weeds.mangrovemountain.net/.../Wisteria%20floribunda%20-%20Japanese%20wisteria.pdf

4.05

(1) Toxic to domestic pets.

(1) www.weeds.mangrovemountain.net/.../Wisteria%20floribunda%20-%20Japanese%20wisteria.pdf

4.06

(1) Wisteria may be attacked by insects or plant disease, though neither is especially common.

(1) http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/1000/1246.html [cited 4/8/2011].

4.07

(1) Seeds are poisonous if ingested. All parts of the plant are poisonous.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55391/ [cited 4/8/2011]

4.08

(1) "It is unclear how the presence of wisterias may affect fire regimes in invaded communities. In ecosystems where wisterias replace plants with similar fuel characteristics, they may alter fire intensity or slightly modify an existing fire regime. If wisteria spread introduces novel fuel properties to the invaded ecosystem, fire behavior, and potentially fire regime, may be altered."

(1) Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Wisteria floribunda, W. sinensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [cited 4/8/2011]

4.09

(1) Ideal habitat for wisteria is in full sun, but established vines will persist and reproduce in partial shade. (2) Sun to partial shade.

(1) http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/japwisteria.html [cited 4/8/2011]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55391/ [cited 4/8/2011]

4.10

(1) Soil pH requirements: 5.6-6.0 (acidic). (2) Wisteria floribund prefers a deep, moderately fertile, moist soil that does not dry out excessively. They will adapt to most soils, though they prefer a neutral to slightly acid soil pH of 6.0-7.0 for best results.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55391/ [cited 4/8/2011] (2) http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/1000/1246.html [cited 4/8/2011].

4.11

(1) Wisteria can climb trees and shrubs to 20 m.

(1) http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/japwisteria.html [cited 4/8/2011]

4.12

(1) Wisteria floribunda is hardy and aggressive, capable of forming thickets so dense that little else grows. [see 4.11]

(1) http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/japwisteria.html [cited 4/8/2011]

5.01

(1) Vine-liana

(1) Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Wisteria floribunda, W. sinensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [cited 4/8/2011]

5.02

(1) Fabaceae

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?42047#common [cited 4/8/2011].

5.03

(1) Fabaceae

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?42047#common [cited 4/8/2011].

5.04

(1) Vine-liana

(1) Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Wisteria floribunda, W. sinensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [cited 4/8/2011]

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Wisteria can produce abundant seeds.

(1) http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/japwisteria.html [cited 4/8/2011]

6.03

(1) "In the southeastern United States, the majority of wisteria plants growing outside of cultivation were hybrids of Chinese and Japanese wisteria." (2) This study determines the identity, genetic diversity and hybrid status of 25 Asian Wisteria cultivars using plastid, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data. Fifteen (60%) hybrid cultivars were identified. All of the ‘Wisteria sinensis’ cultivars sampled are hybrids with W. floribunda."

(1) Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Wisteria floribunda, W. sinensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [cited 4/8/2011] (2) Trusty, J.L., Lockaby, B.G., Zipperer, W.C., Goertzen, L.R. 2008. Horticulture, hybrid cultivars and exotic plant invasion: a case study of Wisteria (Fabaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 158:593-601.

6.04

Unknown.

6.05

(1) The most important plant pollinators of Wisteria floribunda are beetles, flies, ants, bees, wasps, butterflies and moths.

(1) http://www.ehow.com/info_7987922_wasps-wisteria.html

6.06

(1)Vegetative reproduction is the primary means of expansion; numerous stolons develop new roots and shoots at short intervals.

(1) http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/japwisteria.html [cited 4/8/2011]

6.07

(1) "Plants that have been grown from seed remain in a long juvenile stage and often do not bloom for 10 to 15 years or longer. Plants that are grafted, and plants grown from cuttings or layered from a flowering plant will usually begin flowering earlier than seedlings."

(1) http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/1000/1246.html [cited 4/8/2011].

7.01

(1) "Wisterias form dense infestations that spread from horticultural plantings. They tend to establish and spread in forest edges, disturbed areas, and riparian zones, as well as roadsides, ditches, and rights-of-way."

(1) Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Wisteria floribunda, W. sinensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [cited 4/8/2011]

7.02

(1) Wisteria floribunda was introduced from Japan around 1830 as an ornamental. It was popular in the southern U.S. as a decorative addition to porches, gazebos, walls, and gardens. Wisteria is hardy enough to be found in New England, and a few areas farther north.

(1) http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/japwisteria.html [cited 4/8/2011]

7.03

No evidence of produce contamination.

7.04

(1) In riparian areas, seeds may be dispersed downstream in water for long distances. [no adaptation for wind dispersal]

(1) http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/japwisteria.html [cited 4/8/2011]

7.05

(1) In riparian areas, seeds may be dispersed downstream in water for long distances.

(1) http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/japwisteria.html [cited 4/8/2011]

7.06

(1) In riparian areas, seeds may be dispersed downstream in water for long distances. (2) Flat round brown seeds, each 0.5 to 1 inch (1.2 to 2.5 cm) in diameter. Large seed size a deterrent to animal dispersal.

(1) http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/japwisteria.html [cited 4/8/2011] (2) Miller,James H.2003. Nonnative invasive plants of southern forests: a field guide for identification and control. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-62. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 93p http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs062/

7.07

(1) In riparian areas, seeds may be dispersed downstream in water for long distances. [no adaptation for external attachment]

(1) http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/japwisteria.html [cited 4/8/2011]

7.08

Unknown. (1) In riparian areas, seeds may be dispersed downstream in water for long distances.

(1) http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/japwisteria.html [cited 4/8/2011]

8.01

Unknown

8.02

(1) Seed does not store well; sow as soon as possible. (2) "Because seed bank information is lacking for wisterias, it is not known whether they might establish from a seed bank after fire."

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55391/ [cited 4/8/2011] (2) Stone, Katharine R. 2009. Wisteria floribunda, W. sinensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [cited 4/8/2011]

8.03

(1) Cut Stump Treatment: Use this method in areas where vines are established within or around non-target plants or where vines have grown into the canopy. This treatment is effective as long as the ground is not frozen. Glyphosate: Cut the stem 5 cm (2 in) above ground level. Immediately apply a 25% solution of glyphosate and water to the cross-section of the stem. This procedure may require a subsequent foliar application of glyphosate. Triclopyr: Cut the stem 5 cm (2 in) above ground level. Immediately apply a 25% solution of triclopyr and water to the cross-section of the stem. A subsequent foliar application may be necessary to control new seedlings

(1) http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/japwisteria.html [cited 4/8/2011]

8.04

(1) Wisteria will resprout unless cut so frequently that its root stores are exhausted. Treatment should begin early in the growing season and be repeated at two-week intervals until autumn.

(1) http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/japwisteria.html [cited 4/8/2011]

8.05

Unknown.