Vitex parviflora Juss. Family - Verbenaceae. Common Names(s) - Smallflower chastetree, Molave. Synonym(s) - Vitex littoralis Decne.,Vitex timoriensis Walp.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4+

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

9

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)V. parviflora is a medium sized tree to 30 m in height and 2 m dbh, but is often much shorter and crooked. It is native to Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, and is one of the few species that can survive on very dry and stony sites.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

(1)It is native to Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, and is one of the few species that can survive on very dry and stony sites.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.03

(1)Its natural altitude range is up to 700 m, and it tolerates drought; wind; weeds; and salt wind...Latitude: between 12°N and 12°S

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.04

(1)V. parviflora is a medium sized tree to 30 m in height and 2 m dbh, but is often much shorter and crooked. It is native to Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines, and is one of the few species that can survive on very dry and stony sites.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

(1)F. Philippines, introduced to Guam. (2)Over 7,000 trees of this species were estimated to have been planted on O‘ahu, 65 of which were planted in the Waiähole area, where several individuals of various size classes were found spreading along roadsides (Skolmen 1980). (3)Planted and persistent at Maricao Forest Reserve, Puerto Rico.

(1)http://university.uog.edu/cals/people/POG/vitex.html [Accessed 17 Dec 2009] (2)Frohlich, D. and A. Lau. 2008. New plant records from O‘ahu for 2007. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2007. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 100:3-12. (3)Liogier, H. A. and L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. Second edition revised. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan.

3.01

(1)Vitex parviflora Juss. New naturalized record. Vitex parviflora, a species valued as a timber product in its native range of the Philippines and eastern Indonesia, was planted widely in O‘ahu forests between 1919 and 1936 (Staples & Herbst 2005). Over 7,000 trees of this species were estimated to have been planted on O‘ahu, 65 of which were planted in the Waiähole area, where several individuals of various size classes were found spreading along roadsides (Skolmen 1980). Because of its numerous, bird-dispersed fruits, this species has been cited as a potential invasive species for Hawai‘i (Staples et al. 2000). Vitex parviflora is a mostly glabrous tree up to 15 m tall. Leaf petioles are 5–10 cm long, with three stalked, elliptic to oblong-elliptic leaflets 7.6–17.8 x 4.5–5.6 cm, with wavy margins. Inflorescences are in terminal, downy panicles to 20 cm long. Flowers are about 0.6 cm long, with entire calyx margins, and blue to purplish corolla. Fruit is globose and black, about 0.6 cm in diameter, with a flat, persistent calyx. Material examined. O‘AHU: Waiähole (UTM 2376112, 617898), along roadside, tree ca 5 m tall with lavender flowers, inflorescence ca 15 cm long, copious black, round berries, several individuals of various size classes seen in area, D. Frohlich & A. Lau 2007111501.

(1)Frohlich, D. and A. Lau. 2008. New plant records from O‘ahu for 2007. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2007. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 100:3-12.

3.02

(1)A weed of forests and disturbed areas [see 3.04]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/vitex_parviflora/ [Accessed 18 Dec 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/vitex_parviflora/ [Accessed 18 Dec 2009]

3.04

(1)Vitex is a tree or shrub that reaches heights of approximately ten meters. Its leaves are comprised of three or five leaflets and are richly branched. The flowers, which grow in terminal or axillary panicles, are violet-colored. The fruits are pea-sized and dark purple to black. It grows on volcanic and disturbed soils and forms thickets, often in large monotypic stands, and is spread by cuttings from roots or stems and by bird-dispersed seeds. There is some debate within the scientific community over Vitex’s nativity: some maintain that it is native to Guam, while others assert that it is not, based on its aggressive takeover of disturbed areas and existence in the Philippines. Another tree in the genus, Vitex negundo, is recognized as native; V. parviflora was only present in small numbers at the turn of the century, but has spread to become one of the most dominant trees on island...Environmental Impacts: The dense stands formed by the shrub exclude many from establishment, preventing recruitment of native plants. Some plants come up under Vitex: Chromolaena and other invasives are very common under Agalondi. The leaves are protected by a large number of chemical compounds, making them unpalatable to deer and most insects, and therefore increasing its ability to spread unfettered. [whether or not it may be native, this tree invades disturbed habitats and prevents establishment of other species] (2)Tree with blue or purple flowers. Reproduces from dark colored pea sized seeds and vegetatively from stem segments. There are two native species of vitex with a mat of light gray hair on the bottom surface of their leaves. DO NOT remove these trees. The invasive species of vitex has a smooth leaf on both sides...Control Method Cut the tree trunk near the ground and immediately treat the fresh cut stump surface by spot or wand application of glyphosate or triclopyr herbicide. Collect the plant material and burn it or remove it from contact with the soil. Repeat the treatment every six months as necessary until the tree is no longer present. [this publication distinguishes V. parviflora from native Vitex spp.] (3)Finally, there is agalondi (Vitex parviflora), which is a non-native tree but now one of the most dominant trees on island.

(1)http://guaminsects.net/gisac/index.php?title=Vitex_parviflora [Accessed 18 Dec 2009] (2)Simpson, T. 2006. Guam CSP Invasive Weed Management Guide. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Pacific Islands Area – West. ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/GU/csp/2006/invasive_weed_publication.pdf (3)http://www.hydroguam.net/environment-scrub.php [Accessed 18 Dec 2009]

3.05

(1)Vitex agnus-castus L…An invasive plant in central Texas (2)Conservation and preservation concerns have led to efforts to understand mechanisms of invasiveness and the effects these mechanisms have on the environment. Vitex rotundifolia L. f. [beach vitex (BV)] was introduced as a salt-tolerant woody ground cover, but it has since become invasive on primary and secondary dunes in coastal areas of the southeastern United States. Much of its invasive potential may be the result of intense substrate hydrophobicity underneath established stands, which is believed to prohibit seedling establishment by other plants including native plant species. This research was conducted to better understand BV-induced sand hydrophobicity by carrying out dune surveys of BV-infested areas of the South Carolina coast, identifying the compounds responsible for this activity via chemical analysis, and quantifying hydrophobicity persistence by resampling sites following removal of above-ground BV. The findings indicated that sand under BV cover was significantly hydrophobic, that cuticular alkanes from leaves and fruits were responsible for this hydrophobicity, and that extreme substrate hydrophobicity persisted for >3 years following BV removal.

(1)http://www.invasive.org/weedus/subject.html?sub=14022 [Accessed 18 Dec 2009] (2)COUSINS, M. M., C. A. GRESHAM, M. B. RILEY, AND T. WHITWELL. 2009. Beach Dune Sand Hydrophobicity Due to the Presence of Beach Vitex (Vitex rotundifolia L. f.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 57: 409–415.

4.01

(1)V. parviflora is a medium sized tree to 30 m in height and 2 m dbh, but is often much shorter and crooked.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.02

(1)On Santo, Vanuatu, it occurs naturally with Antiaris toxicaria, Barringtonia spp., canarium nut (Canarium indicum), Castanospermum australe, Dendrocnide spp., Dracontomelon vitiense, whitewood (Endospermum medullosum), and Pangium edule. In PNG it commonly occurs with Kingiodendron alternifolium. In the Philippines it occurs with Calophyllum blancoi, Intsia bijuga, Syzygium simile, and Vitex parviflora. [no evidence, and co-exists with other trees] (2)The tree is also used as a shade tree for other crops and as an ornamental.

(1)http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Pterocarpus-narra.pdf [Accessed 18 Dec 2009] (2)Fernando Santos Martín. 2007. USING NATIVE TIMBER TREES FOR RECOVERING DEGRADED LANDSCAPES IN THE PHILIPPINES: Social, biophysical and economic assessment of agroforestry systems practiced by smallholder farmers. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af2/sites/default/files/models/Fernando2007.pdf [Accessed 18 Dec 2009]

4.03

(1)V. parviflora is a medium sized tree to 30 m in height and 2 m dbh, but is often much shorter and crooked.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.04

(1)Uses of Vitex parviflora: Descriptors: medicinal products; fodder (2)Table 1: Farmers’ preferences of indigenous fodder trees [V. parviflora ranked 5th out of 11 preferences] (3)Leaves are fed to livestock. (4)The leaves are protected by a large number of chemical compounds, making them unpalatable to deer and most insects, and therefore increasing its ability to spread unfettered. [Reference 4 contradicts other references]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Calub, B. M. 2003. Indigenous fodder trees for rehabilitation. LEISA MAGAZINE. DECEMBER 2003: 22-23. (3)http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=10885 [Accessed 17 Dec 2009] (4)http://guaminsects.net/gisac/index.php?title=Vitex_parviflora [Accessed 18 Dec 2009]

4.05

(1)Uses of Vitex parviflora: Descriptors: medicinal products; fodder (2)Table 1: Farmers’ preferences of indigenous fodder trees [V. parviflora ranked 5th out of 11 preferences] (3)Leaves are fed to livestock.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Calub, B. M. 2003. Indigenous fodder trees for rehabilitation. LEISA MAGAZINE. DECEMBER 2003: 22-23. (3)http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=10885 [Accessed 17 Dec 2009]

4.06

(1)Pests recorded Insects: Hyblaea puera (teak defoliator) Xyleutes ceramicus (teak beehole borer) (2)PESTS AND DISEASES Beetles such as leucopholis irrorata, Anomala sp. and an identified melothonthid beetle defoliate the tree. Some insect pests cause serious damage to 9-25 year old trees in Philippines and Java such as the carpenter moth (Xyleutes ceramicus) whose larvae may damage the cambium of trunk and branches. V. parviflora serves as and alternative food plant for the teak defoliator (Hyblaia purea). (3)Mentioned as a possible agroforestry species. It is undesirable near teak plantations as it serves as an alternative host to the teak defoliator.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/AFTPDFS/Vitex_parviflora.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec 2009] (3)http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=10885 [Accessed 17 Dec 2009]

4.07

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.08

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.09

(1)Full sun.

(1)Llamas, K. A. 2003. Tropical Flowering Plants. A Guide To Identification and Cultivation. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

4.10

(1)Soil descriptors - Soil texture: light; medium - Soil drainage: free - Soil reaction: acid; neutral - Special soil tolerances: shallow; infertile - Soil types: limestone soils; clay soils; volcanic soils; sandy soils (2)Soil type: V. parviflora tolerates a wide range of soils but occurs mostly on dry limestone soils.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/AFTPDFS/Vitex_parviflora.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec 2009]

4.11

(1)V. parviflora is a medium sized tree to 30 m in height and 2 m dbh, but is often much shorter and crooked.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.12

(1)It grows on volcanic and disturbed soils and forms thickets, often in large monotypic stands, and is spread by cuttings from roots or stems and by bird-dispersed seeds. There is some debate within the scientific community over Vitex’s nativity: some maintain that it is native to Guam, while others assert that it is not, based on its aggressive takeover of disturbed areas and existence in the Philippines. Another tree in the genus, Vitex negundo, is recognized as native; V. parviflora was only present in small numbers at the turn of the century, but has spread to become one of the most dominant trees on island.

(1)http://guaminsects.net/gisac/index.php?title=Vitex_parviflora [Accessed 18 Dec 2009]

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.02

(1)Verbenaceae.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.03

(1)Verbenaceae.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.04

(1)V. parviflora is a medium sized tree to 30 m in height and 2 m dbh, but is often much shorter and crooked.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.01

(1)Stand establishment is done by direct sowing or with planting stock [no evidence].

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.02

(1)Stand establishment is done by direct sowing or with planting stock.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1)The pollination syndrome and breeding system of four reforestation tree species in Mt. Makiling, Laguna Province in Southern Luzon, Philippines, namely: Acacia auriculiformis Cunn. ex Benth (auri), Vitex parviflora Juss. (Molave), Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (Ipil-ipil, El Salvador Strain) and Pterocarpus indicus Willd. (narra) were investigated. Floral buds were enclosed with pollination bags and nets to exclude insect visitors/pollinators of each species, with a corresponding number of buds tagged and left open to serve as control. The inflorescence of L. leucocephala was enclosed with paper packets to exclude floral visitors and wind-borne pollen grains. Results of the pollination bag experiments suggested that A. auriculiformis, V. parviflora and P. indicus were out crossing and entomophilous. Important pollinators of the species were medium - to large - size bees. Floral morphology exhibited the bee floral syndrome. L. leucocephala is self-compatible and shows floral characteristics for anemophily. The rest of the species studied is self-incompatible and dichogamous

(1)Escobin, R.P. 2004. Pollination syndrome and breeding system of four reforestation tree species in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, Philippines. 87(2): 182-190.

6.05

(1)The pollination syndrome and breeding system of four reforestation tree species in Mt. Makiling, Laguna Province in Southern Luzon, Philippines, namely: Acacia auriculiformis Cunn. ex Benth (auri), Vitex parviflora Juss. (Molave), Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (Ipil-ipil, El Salvador Strain) and Pterocarpus indicus Willd. (narra) were investigated. Floral buds were enclosed with pollination bags and nets to exclude insect visitors/pollinators of each species, with a corresponding number of buds tagged and left open to serve as control. The inflorescence of L. leucocephala was enclosed with paper packets to exclude floral visitors and wind-borne pollen grains. Results of the pollination bag experiments suggested that A. auriculiformis, V. parviflora and P. indicus were out crossing and entomophilous. Important pollinators of the species were medium - to large - size bees. Floral morphology exhibited the bee floral syndrome. L. leucocephala is self-compatible and shows floral characteristics for anemophily. The rest of the species studied is self-incompatible and dichogamous

(1)Escobin, R.P. 2004. Pollination syndrome and breeding system of four reforestation tree species in Mt. Makiling, Luzon, Philippines. 87(2): 182-190.

6.06

(1)It grows on volcanic and disturbed soils and forms thickets, often in large monotypic stands, and is spread by cuttings from roots or stems and by bird-dispersed seeds. [uncertain if this refers to vegetative root suckers or vegetative cuttings]

(1)http://guaminsects.net/gisac/index.php?title=Vitex_parviflora [Accessed 18 Dec 2009]

6.07

(1)This species is being introduced in reforestation of difficult sites in the Philippines (Lemmens et al., 1995). A major disadvantage is that it is considered slow growing. Research on silviculture and management are required, and provenance trials are needed to find varieties that are faster-growing. (2)Planted trees start flowering 5-6 years after planting.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/AFTPDFS/Vitex_parviflora.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec 2009]

7.01

(1)Fruits are small, globular drupes, 5 to 10 mm. in diameter and purple to black when ripe. They contain stoney seed about 5 to 6 mm. in diameter. [unlikely, as seeds are relatively large with no means of external attachment]

(1)Conservation International. 2009. Forest Carbon Project in Quirino Province Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor, Luzon, Philippines. http://www.climate-standards.org/projects/files/luzon/Quirino_CCBA_PDD2009_0520.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec 2009]

7.02

(1)F. Philippines, introduced to Guam. (2)Over 7,000 trees of this species were estimated to have been planted on O‘ahu, 65 of which were planted in the Waiähole area, where several individuals of various size classes were found spreading along roadsides (Skolmen 1980). (3)Planted and persistent at Maricao Forest Reserve, Puerto Rico. (4)The species is widely cultivated in subtropical and tropical lands, introduced in Panama for its wood which was used for railroad ties.

(1)http://university.uog.edu/cals/people/POG/vitex.html [Accessed 17 Dec 2009] (2)Frohlich, D. and A. Lau. 2008. New plant records from O‘ahu for 2007. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2007. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 100:3-12. (3)Liogier, H. A. and L. F. Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. Second edition revised. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, San Juan. (4)Woodson, Jr., R. E., R. W. Schery, and H. N. Moldenke. 1973. Flora of Panama. Part IX. Family 168. Verbenaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60(1): 41-148.

7.03

(1)Seeds can be stored for up to 1 year if fruit pulp is thoroughly removed and seed well dried. There are approximately 10,000 to 11,000-dried seeds/liter and 19,000 per kg. [no evidence, not grown with other produce, and relatively large-seeded]

(1)Conservation International. 2009. Forest Carbon Project in Quirino Province Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor, Luzon, Philippines. http://www.climate-standards.org/projects/files/luzon/Quirino_CCBA_PDD2009_0520.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec 2009]

7.04

(1)Because of its numerous, bird-dispersed fruits, this species has been cited as a potential invasive species for Hawai‘i (Staples et al. 2000)...Fruit is globose and black, about 0.6 cm in diameter, with a flat, persistent calyx (2)Fruit a drupe, subglobose, sessile on the often enlarged calyx, 5mm in diameter, bluish-black when mature, 1-4 seeded. (3)The species biased to birds had fruits that are mostly blue, black or red in color and had a single or a few seeds per fruit, such as L. camara, Trema orientalis, V. parviflora, and Bridelia stipularis.

(1)Frohlich, D. and A. Lau. 2008. New plant records from O‘ahu for 2007. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2007. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 100:3-12. (2)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/AFTPDFS/Vitex_parviflora.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec 2009] (3)Gonzales, R. S., N. R. Ingle, D. A. Lagunzad, and T. Nakashizuka. 2009. Seed Dispersal by Birds and Bats in Lowland Philippine Forest Successional Area. Biotropica 41(4): 452–458.

7.05

(1)Because of its numerous, bird-dispersed fruits, this species has been cited as a potential invasive species for Hawai‘i (Staples et al. 2000)...Fruit is globose and black, about 0.6 cm in diameter, with a flat, persistent calyx (2)Fruit a drupe, subglobose, sessile on the often enlarged calyx, 5mm in diameter, bluish-black when mature, 1-4 seeded. (3)The species biased to birds had fruits that are mostly blue, black or red in color and had a single or a few seeds per fruit, such as L. camara, Trema orientalis, V. parviflora, and Bridelia stipularis.

(1)Frohlich, D. and A. Lau. 2008. New plant records from O‘ahu for 2007. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2007. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 100:3-12. (2)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/AFTPDFS/Vitex_parviflora.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec 2009] (3)Gonzales, R. S., N. R. Ingle, D. A. Lagunzad, and T. Nakashizuka. 2009. Seed Dispersal by Birds and Bats in Lowland Philippine Forest Successional Area. Biotropica 41(4): 452–458.

7.06

(1)Because of its numerous, bird-dispersed fruits, this species has been cited as a potential invasive species for Hawai‘i (Staples et al. 2000)...Fruit is globose and black, about 0.6 cm in diameter, with a flat, persistent calyx (2)Fruit a drupe, subglobose, sessile on the often enlarged calyx, 5mm in diameter, bluish-black when mature, 1-4 seeded. (3)The species biased to birds had fruits that are mostly blue, black or red in color and had a single or a few seeds per fruit, such as L. camara, Trema orientalis, V. parviflora, and Bridelia stipularis.

(1)Frohlich, D. and A. Lau. 2008. New plant records from O‘ahu for 2007. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2007. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 100:3-12. (2)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/AFTPDFS/Vitex_parviflora.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec 2009] (3)Gonzales, R. S., N. R. Ingle, D. A. Lagunzad, and T. Nakashizuka. 2009. Seed Dispersal by Birds and Bats in Lowland Philippine Forest Successional Area. Biotropica 41(4): 452–458.

7.07

(1)Fruits are small, globular drupes, 5 to 10 mm. in diameter and purple to black when ripe. They contain stoney seed about 5 to 6 mm. in diameter. [unlikely, as seeds are relatively large with no means of external attachment]

(1)Conservation International. 2009. Forest Carbon Project in Quirino Province Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor, Luzon, Philippines. http://www.climate-standards.org/projects/files/luzon/Quirino_CCBA_PDD2009_0520.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec 2009]

7.08

(1)Because of its numerous, bird-dispersed fruits, this species has been cited as a potential invasive species for Hawai‘i (Staples et al. 2000)...Fruit is globose and black, about 0.6 cm in diameter, with a flat, persistent calyx (2)Fruit a drupe, subglobose, sessile on the often enlarged calyx, 5mm in diameter, bluish-black when mature, 1-4 seeded. (3)The species biased to birds had fruits that are mostly blue, black or red in color and had a single or a few seeds per fruit, such as L. camara, Trema orientalis, V. parviflora, and Bridelia stipularis.

(1)Frohlich, D. and A. Lau. 2008. New plant records from O‘ahu for 2007. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2007. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 100:3-12. (2)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/AFTPDFS/Vitex_parviflora.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec 2009] (3)Gonzales, R. S., N. R. Ingle, D. A. Lagunzad, and T. Nakashizuka. 2009. Seed Dispersal by Birds and Bats in Lowland Philippine Forest Successional Area. Biotropica 41(4): 452–458.

8.01

(1)Seeds can be stored for up to 1 year if fruit pulp is thoroughly removed and seed well dried. There are approximately 10,000 to 11,000-dried seeds/liter and 19,000 per kg.

(1)Conservation International. 2009. Forest Carbon Project in Quirino Province Sierra Madre Biodiversity Corridor, Luzon, Philippines. http://www.climate-standards.org/projects/files/luzon/Quirino_CCBA_PDD2009_0520.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec 2009]

8.02

(1)- Seed storage orthodox (2)Storability: 1 year [unknown from field conditions]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/AD226E/AD226E09.htm [Accessed 18 Dec 2009]

8.03

(1)Tree with blue or purple flowers. Reproduces from dark colored pea sized seeds and vegetatively from stem segments. There are two native species of vitex with a mat of light gray hair on the bottom surface of their leaves. DO NOT remove these trees. The invasive species of vitex has a smooth leaf on both sides...Control Method Cut the tree trunk near the ground and immediately treat the fresh cut stump surface by spot or wand application of glyphosate or triclopyr herbicide. Collect the plant material and burn it or remove it from contact with the soil. Repeat the treatment every six months as necessary until the tree is no longer present.

(1)Simpson, T. 2006. Guam CSP Invasive Weed Management Guide. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Pacific Islands Area – West. ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/GU/csp/2006/invasive_weed_publication.pdf

8.04

(1)- Tolerates drought; wind; weeds; salt wind - Ability to coppice

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.05

(1)Vitex parviflora Juss. New naturalized record. Vitex parviflora, a species valued as a timber product in its native range of the Philippines and eastern Indonesia, was planted widely in O‘ahu forests between 1919 and 1936 (Staples & Herbst 2005). Over 7,000 trees of this species were estimated to have been planted on O‘ahu, 65 of which were planted in the Waiähole area, where several individuals of various size classes were found spreading along roadsides (Skolmen 1980). Because of its numerous, bird-dispersed fruits, this species has been cited as a potential invasive species for Hawai‘i (Staples et al. 2000). Vitex parviflora is a mostly glabrous tree up to 15 m tall. Leaf petioles are 5–10 cm long, with three stalked, elliptic to oblong-elliptic leaflets 7.6–17.8 x 4.5–5.6 cm, with wavy margins. Inflorescences are in terminal, downy panicles to 20 cm long. Flowers are about 0.6 cm long, with entire calyx margins, and blue to purplish corolla. Fruit is globose and black, about 0.6 cm in diameter, with a flat, persistent calyx. Material examined. O‘AHU: Waiähole (UTM 2376112, 617898), along roadside, tree ca 5 m tall with lavender flowers, inflorescence ca 15 cm long, copious black, round berries, several individuals of various size classes seen in area, D. Frohlich & A. Lau 2007111501. [no evidence of pests in Hawaii]

(1)Frohlich, D. and A. Lau. 2008. New plant records from O‘ahu for 2007. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2007. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 100:3-12.