Vachellia campechiana (Mill.) Seigler & Ebinger. forma Campechiana. Family - Fabaceae. Common Names(s) - cubata. Synonym(s) - Vachellia cochliacantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd, Mimosa cochliacantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd, Acacia cymbacantha Zucc. ex Benth.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2 or 3

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

5

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence of domestication.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to Mexico - Baja Sur, Chihuahua, Sinola, Sonora, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Pueblo, Veracruz, Chiapas

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405845 [Cited 2009 July 17].

2.02

(1) Native to Mexico - Baja Sur, Chihuahua, Sinola, Sonora, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Pueblo, Veracruz, Chiapas

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405845 [Cited 2009 July 17].

2.03

(1) Slopes, valleys, plains, arroyos, and disturbed habitats; thronscrub, tropical deciduous forest, margins of Sonoran desert scrub, and occasional grassland. Near sea level - 975 (1700) m. The highest elevations are along highways.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17].

2.04

(1) Native to Mexico - Baja Sur, Chihuahua, Sinola, Sonora, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Pueblo, Veracruz, Chiapas

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405845 [Cited 2009 July 17].

2.05

No evidence of repeated introductions. (1) Acacia cochliacantha was collected four times on Oahu in 1950-1951.

(1) http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/natscidb/?w=PBIN&srch=b&pt=t&lst=o&cols=8&rpp=50&pge=1&lID=-233430212&tID=834952784 [Cited 2009 July 20].

3.01

No evidence of naturalization beyond native range.

3.02

No evidence of control in disturbed areas. (1) Acacia cochliacantha can grow in disturbed dry forests substituting other species, making almost pure forest formations known as cubateras.(2) Fallow land with a notably long shifting agricultural cycle was selected to represent plots with fallow periods of 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, 21-25, and longer than 26 years. Acacia cochliacantha is both an opportunistic and an invading species whose dominance occurred in the time span of 20 years. This shrub is subsequently replaced by other typical deciduous tropical forest species. Density was highest (1925/ha) on plots with 11-15 years of fallow, while basal area was maximum in plots with fallow periods between 21 and 25 years. (3) Acacia cochliacantha is one of the most abundant woody plants of central and southern lowland Sonora and Sinaloa. This species quickly colonizes abandoned milpas and other disturbed areas including buffelgrass pastures in tropical deciduous forest, often forming impenetrable spiny thickets.

(1) Quintanar Isaias, A., Vela¡zquez Nunez, M., Solares Arenas, F., Perez Olvera, C.d.l.P., Torre-Blanco, A., 2005. Secondary stem anatomy and uses of four drought-deciduous species of a tropical dry forest in México. Revista de Biología Tropical 53, 29-48. (2) Guízar Nolazco, E., Granados Sánchez, D. 1996. Ecology of secondary vegetation in the southwest of the Puebla state. Revista Chapingo. Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente. 2 (1):53-59. (3) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17].

3.03

(1) In Sonora, Mexico, Acacia cochliacantha has invaded approximately 2.5 million hectares of summer pasture and around 150,000 hectares of buffelgrass meadow. Forage production is reduced 30-50% in the areas of light to moderate invasion and 80% in areas of severe invasion. Controlled burning was used to reduce the Acacia cochliacantha infestations. Controlled burn treatments every 6 to 7 years are suggested to maintain low densities of Acacia.

(1) Ibarra Flores, F.A., Martín Rivera, M.H., Miranda Z.H., 1999. Rehabilitation of buffel grass pastures infested with brush throughout prescribed burning. / Rehabilitacion de praderas de zacate buffel invadidas por arbustos mediante el uso de la quema prescrita. Téc Pecu Méx 37 (3): 9-22.

3.04

No evidence

3.05

(1) Acacia saligna is invasive in the fynbos in South Africa. It alters the N-cycle regime, displacing native species. Restoration of the native vegetation requires the removal of A. saligna and reduction of the soil nitrogen.

(1) Yelenik, S.G., Stock, W.D., Richardson, D.M., 2004. Ecosystem level impacts of invasive Acacia saligna in the South African fynbos. Restoration Ecology 12, 44-51.

4.01

(1) Acacia cochliacantha has enlarged, flat stipular spines (2) Stipular spines.

(1) Ebinger, J.E., Seigler, D.S., 1992. Ant-Acacia Hybrids of Mexico and Central America. The Southwestern Naturalist 37, 408-414.

4.02

Unknown (1) Some species of Acacia have allelopathic capacity. This study examined the allelopathic effects of throughfall (rain passing through the canopies), stemflow (rain flowing over the stems), and soil percolates in an Acacia dealbata plantation on Latuca sativa. The natural leachates of Acacia dealbata inhibited the germination and growth of Latuca sativa.

(1) Carballeira, A., Reigosa, M.J. 1999. Effects of natural leachates of Acacia dealbata Link in Galicia (NW Spain). Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica. 40:87-92

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/ListParasites.html [Cited 2009 July 17].

4.04

(1) The pods of A. cochliacantha are eaten by burros and mules. Burros pull off long strips of bark to eat. (2) This study examined the intake preference and tree density of the most important forage species of trees present in Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico with the potential for ruminant feeding. Species selected were those that cattle regularly eat in extensive pasturing conditions. Acacia cochliacantha presented the highest density and intake preference.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17]. (2) http://web.ebscohost.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=8&sid=c988082c-5eef-430e-9b82-133cb23d27b8%40sessionmgr4&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=lah&AN=20083121090 [Cited 2009 July 17].

4.05

(1) The pods of A. cochliacantha are eaten by burros and mules. Burros pull off long strips of bark to eat. (2) This study examined the intake preference and tree density of the most important forage species of trees present in Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico with the potential for ruminant feeding. Species selected were those that cattle regularly eat in extensive pasturing conditions. Acacia cochliacantha presented the highest density and intake preference.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17]. (2) http://web.ebscohost.com.eres.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/ehost/detail?vid=3&hid=8&sid=c988082c-5eef-430e-9b82-133cb23d27b8%40sessionmgr4&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=lah&AN=20083121090 [Cited 2009 July 17].

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1) The Guarijio people of Mexico used to eat the pods. (2) The spines are brewed into a tea that is recommended for prostate and urinary problems. A tea of the bark is recommended for children that are suffering from hypothermia.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=tH9ZaYjtKyIC&pg=PA191&lpg=PA191&dq=acacia++cochliacantha+%2B+
%22shade%22&source=bl&ots=mBtea5PGvd&sig=H4QzfZLHwO_PmIquooBWXdUwcUw&hl=
en&ei=uRhlSrXKLILesQPTq9nmDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5 [Cited 2009 July 20].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

Unknown (1) This study evaluated the growth rates and biomass production in nursery conditions of nine woody legumes (including Acacia cochliacantha) native of the 'La Montaña' region (Guerrero State), Mexico. Seedlings were protected from direct insolation by placing them along four 1.x1 m strips covered with artifical shade which reduced solar radiation by ca. 30%. To assess growth rates and changes in biomass production and allocation through time, destructive harvests were performed, 14, 21, 28 and 3 days after the transplantation date.

(1) Cervantes, V., Arriaga, V., Meave, J., Carabias, J. 1998. Growth analysis of nine multipurpose woody legumes native from southern Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management. 110:329-341.

4.10

(1) Acacia cochliacantha is a component of the thorn scrub forest in the semi-arid valley of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, Mexico. Soils in this region consist of are poorly developed and can be divided into regosols, predominated by calcaric and eutric regosols and xerosols, predominated by haplic xerosols.

(1) Blanckaert, I., Swennen, R.L., Paredes Flores, M., Rosas López, R., Lira Saade, R. 2003. Floristic compostion, plant uses and management practices in homegardens of San Rafael Coxcatlán, Valley of Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments. 57:39-62

4.11

(1) Vase-shaped shrubs or small trees, 5-6 (8) m, with many straight branches.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17].

4.12

(1) Acacia cochliacantha is one of the most abundant woody plants of central and southern lowland Sonora and Sinaloa. This species quickly colonizes abandoned milpas and other disturbed areas including buffelgrass pastures in tropical deciduous forest, often forming impenetrable spiny thickets.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17].

5.01

(1) Vase-shaped shrubs or small trees, 5-6 (8) m, with many straight branches.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17].

5.02

(1) Fabaceae

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17].

5.03

(1) Results of this experiment studying agroforestry and forestry systems indicated that Acacia cochliacantha nodulatied naturally with the native rhizobia at the experimental site. (2) Considerable symbiotic fixation of nitrogen by species of Rhizobium occurs in many acacias.

(1) http://campus.iztacala.unam.mx/mmrg/mega/info/info_CRIM/23-%20ISME.pdf [Cited 2009 July 20]. (2) New, T.R. 1984. A Biology of Acacias. Oxford University Press. Auckland. 153 p.

5.04

(1) Vase-shaped shrubs or small trees, 5-6 (8) m, with many straight branches.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17].

6.01

(1) Acacia cochliacantha is one of the most abundant woody plants of central and southern lowland Sonora and Sinaloa. This species quickly colonizes abandoned milpas and other disturbed areas including buffelgrass pastures in tropical deciduous forest, often forming impenetrable spiny thickets.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17].

6.02

(1) Acacia cochliacantha is one of the most abundant woody plants of central and southern lowland Sonora and Sinaloa. This species quickly colonizes abandoned milpas and other disturbed areas including buffelgrass pastures in tropical deciduous forest, often forming impenetrable spiny thickets.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17].

6.03

(1) Acacia cochliacantha has hybridized with A. hidsii along the west coast of Mexico from Sinaloa to Oaxaca. There is some indication that this hybrid is occasionally fertile.

(1) Ebinger, J.E., Seigler, D.S., 1992. Ant-Acacia Hybrids of Mexico and Central America. The Southwestern Naturalist 37, 408-414.

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1) All Acacia's are visited by bees. Honeybees are important pollinators both where they are native (Africa, South-east Asia) and where they are introduced (the Americas and Australia). Stingless bee genera (Trigona, Scaptotorigona) are important visitors for Mexican acacias. Solitary bees (Megachilidae, Colletidae, Halictidae and Anthophoridae) are important visitors to acacia wherever their pollination has been studied in depth.

(1) Stone, G.N., Raine, N.E., Prescott, M., WIllmer, P.G., 1993. Pollination ecology of acacias (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae). Australian systematic botany 16, 103-118.

6.06

Unknown (1) Most Acacias rely on sexual reproduction for most of their reproductive output.

(1) New, T.R. 1984. A Biology of Acacias. Oxford University Press. Auckland. 153 p.

6.07

(1) Acacia cochliacantha is a multi-stemmed fast-growing species.

(1) Álvarez-Yépiz, J.C., Martínez-Yrízar, A., Búrquez, A., Lindquist, C., 2008. Variation in vegetation structure and soil properties related to land use history of old-growth and secondary tropical dry forests in northwestern Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 256, 355-366.

7.01

(1) Pods 7.5-17 cm x 8-11 mm, thick and moderately compressed, straight to slightly curved, indehiscent with pulpy mesocarp.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17].

7.02

No evidence of intentional dispersal. However, see (1) Acacia cochliacantha was collected four times on Oahu in 1950-1951.

(1) http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/natscidb/?w=PBIN&srch=b&pt=t&lst=o&cols=8&rpp=50&pge=1&lID=-233430212&tID=834952784 [Cited 2009 July 20].

7.03

Unlikely, not grown with produce. (1) Pods 7.5-17 cm x 8-11 mm, thick and moderately compressed, straight to slightly curved, indehiscent with pulpy mesocarp.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17].

7.04

No adaptation for wind dispersal. (1) Pods 7.5-17 cm x 8-11 mm, thick and moderately compressed, straight to slightly curved, indehiscent with pulpy mesocarp.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17].

7.05

(1) Pods 7.5-17 cm x 8-11 mm, thick and moderately compressed, straight to slightly curved, indehiscent with pulpy mesocarp.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17].

7.06

Unlikely, pods are indehiscent. (1) Pods 7.5-17 cm x 8-11 mm, thick and moderately compressed, straight to slightly curved, indehiscent with pulpy mesocarp.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17].

7.07

No means of external attachment. (1) Pods 7.5-17 cm x 8-11 mm, thick and moderately compressed, straight to slightly curved, indehiscent with pulpy mesocarp.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17].

7.08

(1) Pods 7.5-17 cm x 8-11 mm, thick and moderately compressed, straight to slightly curved, indehiscent with pulpy mesocarp. In Mexico, cattle have most likely dispersed Acacia cochliacantha to higher elevations along the highway. (2) Domesticated goats dispersed viable seeds of Acacia cochliacantha in the Biosphere Reserve of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley, south-central Mexico.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17]. (2) Baraza, E., Valiente-Banuet, A., 2008. Seed dispersal by domestic goats in a semiarid thornscrub of Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments 72, 1973-1976.

8.01

(1) Seed rain and recruitment of woody species in established secondary forest were studied in exclusion plots in Sierra de Huautla, Morelos. After 6 months of seed rain, 152 morphospecies and 17184 seeds were recorded, an average of 38 seeds/m2/month. Only 19% of those identified correspond to woody species while 80 were seeds from herbs. Recruitment of woody species was very poor compared to existing vegetation: Acacia cochliacantha had 151 adults and 51 recruits.(2) Pods 7.5-17 cm x 8-11 mm, thick and moderately compressed, straight to slightly curved, indehiscent with pulpy mesocarp. [Cited 2009 Jully 20].

(1) http://eco.confex.com/eco/2007/techprogram/P3661.HTM [Cited 2009 July 20]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=tvk5FN3L-Q0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=Acacia+cochliacantha+%2B+%22Naturalized%22&ots=7RNi_JJW_-&sig=HWcJFiLchh8xnzvECKLJ2x_vy8E [Cited 2009 July 17].

8.02

(1) Many leguminous species have a long dormancy period induced by the prescience of a waterproof coat. This study analyzed the germination responses of Acacia cochliacantha through determination of dormancy, seed viability of seed stored in shade at local temperatures and investigation of treatments to trigger optimal germination responses. Acacia cochliacantha had the largest number of germinated seeds by applying scarification. The seeds were tested at 3 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years and 5 years storage intervals. Germination rates were around 75% for each time interval except for the 3 year test where the germination rate was 94%.

(1) Cervantes, V., Carabias, J., Vázquez-Yanes, C., 1996. Seed germination of woody legumes from deciduous tropical forest of southern Mexico. Forest Ecology and Management 82, 171-184.

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1) Areas of the Sonoran desert are planted with buffel grass (Pennisetum ciliare), for cattle forage. Acacia cochliacantha, a native species, invades buffelgrass pastures. Fire is used as a management tool to prevent establishment of Acacia cochliacantha, which facilitates succession towards a native tropical deciduous forest.

(1) http://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_grasses.php [Cited 2009 July 20].

8.05

Unknown