Ulmus pumila L. Family -Ulmaceae. Common names - dwarf elm, littleleaf elm, Siberian elm. Synonym - Ulmus turkestanica Regel [= Ulmus pumila var. arborea]

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01)

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

0

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

1

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

y

2

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

y

2

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

y

1

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

4.05

Toxic to animals

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y

1

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

n

0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

n

0

5.02

Grass

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

4

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

Total score:

9

Notes

Reference

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native:
ASIA-TEMPERATE
Siberia: Russian Federation - Eastern Siberia
Soviet Middle Asia: Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan
 Soviet Far East: Russian Federation - Amur, Primorye
Mongolia: Mongolia
China: China - Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Monggol, Ningxia, Qinghai [e.], Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang
Eastern Asia: Korea
(2)native to eastern Siberia, northern China, Manchuria, and Korea (3)Seeds need cold hardening. (4)Cold stratification of sees required.

(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/u/ulmpum/ulmpum1.html (3)http://portal.cal-ipc.org/files/PAFs/Ulmus%20pumila.pdf (4)http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/U/Ulmus_pumila.asp

2.02

(1)naturalized in United States (2)"Siberian elm is native to northern Asia and was first introduced into America in the 1860s. It has been planted throughout the Midwest and Great Plains for windbreaks and lumber." (3)Seeds require cold stratification.

(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=3479 (3)

2.03

(1)hardy to zone 4 (2)"Altitude range: 50 - 2400 m" (3)Zone: 4 to 9 (4)Elevational range in China: 1000-2500 m

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/u/ulmpum/ulmpum1.html (2)Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (3)http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A925 (4)http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/FOC/projsfoc.html

2.04

(1)Native:
ASIA-TEMPERATE
Siberia: Russian Federation - Eastern Siberia
Soviet Middle Asia: Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan
Soviet Far East: Russian Federation - Amur, Primorye
Mongolia: Mongolia
China: China - Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Monggol, Ningxia, Qinghai [e.], Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizang
Eastern Asia: Korea
(2)native to eastern Siberia, northern China, Manchuria, and Korea (3)It has also been widely cultivated throughout Asia, North America and, to a lesser extent, southern Europe. (4)Naturalized in U.S.

(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/u/ulmpum/ulmpum1.html (3)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Elm (4)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl

2.05

(1)It has also been widely cultivated throughout Asia, North America and, to a lesser extent, southern Europe. (2)Naturalized in U.S.

(1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Elm (2)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl

3.01

Naturalized in the U.S.

http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl

3.02

(1)branches always litter understory on tree … limb breakage caused by wind, ice, and snow constant clean-up of branches. (2)"Successful escaped plants are often on disturbed sites such as abandoned fields and rights-of-way. In the Green Bay area it does well on disturbed soils within the city and is often found on river banks, roadsides, railroad embankments and fencerows." (3)"I have seen whole streets and cemeteries planted with this species; the initial growth is fast but the ensuing branch breakage, messiness, and lack of ornamental assets appalling. ... I grew up with the species in the mid-west and fretted constantly about the potential for brain damage engineered by cascading branches." [These are problems of cultivated specimens].

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/u/ulmpum/ulmpum1.html (2)http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/trees/ulmpum01.htm

3.03

Siberian elm forms dense thickets that close open areas and displace native vegetation thereby reducing forage for wild animals and livestock.

(1)http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=3479

3.04

(2)Considered a noxious weed in New Mexico. (3)"ECOLOGICAL THREAT - Dry to mesic prairies and stream banks are vulnerable to Siberian elm invasion. Thickets of seedlings soon form around seed-producing trees, bare ground areas, animal and insect mounds, and other disturbed areas. Wind carries seed to distant areas where new colonies can form. This tough exotic survives under conditions not easily tolerated by other species, allowing it to take advantage of open ground and resources otherwise used by native plants. Fast growing seedlings of Siberian elm quickly overtake native vegetation, especially shade-intolerant species. This often leads to invasion by additional weedy species, compounding the problem."

(2)http://www.invasive.org/eastern/other/pg_ulpu.pdf AND http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxious?rptType=State&statefips=35 (3)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/ulpu1.htm

3.05

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.

Hoffman, R. & K. Kearns (eds.). 1997. Wisconsin manual of control recommendations for ecologically invasive plants. Wisconsin Dept. Natural Resources. Madison, Wisconsin. 102pp.

4.01

No evidence

4.02

Known allelopath - NO.

http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ULPU&photoID=ulpu_006_ahp.tif

4.03

No evidence

4.04

(1)Low palatability to browse animals. (2)Low palatability to browse animals.

(1)http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ULPU&photoID=ulpu_006_ahp.tif (2)http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/U/Ulmus_pumila.asp

4.05

Toxicity - none

http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ULPU&photoID=ulpu_006_ahp.tif

4.06

The following pathogens were listed to be associated with Ulmus pumila: Enterobacter nimipressuralis (wet wood of elm.) bacterial disease
Rhizobium radiobacter (crown gall) bacterial disease
Rhizobium rhizogenes (gall) bacterial disease
Phoma sp. fungus
Uncinula kenjiana fungus
Valsa sordida (valsa canker of poplar) fungus
Aeolesthes sarta (city longhorn beetle) insect
Ambrostoma quadriimpressum insect
Anoplophora chinensis (black and white citrus longhorn) insect
Cossus cossus (carpenter moth) insect
Eriococcus spurius (European elm scale) insect
Galerucella aenescens insect
Leucoma ochropoda insect
Lymantria monacha (nun moth) insect
Maladera orientalis (smaller velvet chafer) insect
Mimela holosericea insect larvae damage U. pumila leaves
Paleacrita vernata (spring cankerworm) insect
Pyrrhalta luteola (elm leaf beetle) insect
Scolytus kirschi insect
Scolytus multistriatus (smaller European elm bark beetle) insect
Scolytus schevyrewi (banded elm bark beetle) insect
Scolytus scolytus (large elm bark beetle) insect
Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (evergreen bagworm) insect
Pratylenchus penetrans (nematode, northern root lesion) nematode
[No evidence that the above are economic pests]

Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005.

4.07

No evidence

4.08

(1)A deciduous tree. … "branches always litter understory on tree … limb breakage caused by wind, ice, and snow constant clean-up of branches". (2)Can grow as thickets. [Probably yes - produces fine fuels by dropping branches].

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/u/ulmpum/ulmpum1.html (2)http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=3479

4.09

(1)Shade intolerant. (2)"It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade." (3)"The dwarf elm is a light-demander with a well-developed root system …" (4)"Tolerant of light shade."

(1)http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ULPU&photoID=ulpu_006_ahp.tif (2)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Ulmus+pumila (3)Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (4)http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A925

4.1

(1)"The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained soil. … Prefers a fertile soil in full sun[188], but is easily grown in any soil of at least moderate quality so long as it is well drained" (2)"Because this elm tolerates a variety of conditions such as poor soils and low moisture, it is found in dry regions, along roadsides, and in pastures and grasslands. The tree also grows in moist soils along streams. It invades dry and mesic prairies, including sand prairies."

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Ulmus+pumila (2)http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/invasives/fact/elm.htm

4.11

No evidence

4.12

"Siberian elm invades pastures, roadsides, and prairies throughout the Midwest and Great Plains regions of the United States. ... The abundant, wind-dispersed seeds allow this plant to spread rapidly, forming dense thickets that close open areas displacing native vegetation and reducing forage for wild animals and livestock."

http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=3479

5.01

(1)a large, deciduous tree - 50' to 70' tall and about the same in width

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/u/ulmpum/ulmpum1.html

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

No evidence regarding reproductive failure.

6.02

(1)Propagation by seed. (2)"Germination rate is high and seedlings soon establish in the bare ground found early in the growing season."

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/u/ulmpum/ulmpum1.html AND http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ULPU&photoID=ulpu_006_ahp.tif (2)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/ulpu1.htm

6.03

(1)"The various species of this genus hybridize freely with each other and pollen is easily saved, so even those species with different flowering times can be hybridized." (2)"Ulmus pumila is an elm species, non-native to the USA that hybridizes with Ulmus rubra. In order to study the genetic structure and hybridization patterns between these two elm species, we developed 15 primer pairs for microsatellite loci in U. rubra and tested their cross-amplification in U. pumila. All 15 primers amplified in both species, 11 of which possessed species-specific alleles. Eight loci were polymorphic in U. pumila and eight in U. rubra, each with two to eight alleles per locus. In addition, five primer pairs previously developed in U. laevis and U. carpinifolia (syn. U. minor) cross-amplified and showed polymorphic loci in U. pumila and/or U. rubra. These markers will facilitate the study of genetic structure and gene flow between U. rubra and exotic, invasive U. pumila." (3)"Abstract: Two elm taxa occur naturally in the Iberian Peninsula: the Field elm (Ulmus minor) and the Wych elm (U. glabra). In addition, a third taxon, the foreign Siberian elm (U. pumila), was probably introduced in the 16th century as an ornamental tree and has spread spontaneously throughout the Peninsula. The natural hybridization between U. minor and U. pumila produced new individuals whose morphological traits appear to be mixed. Ulmus pumila, as well as its hybrids, has a high resistance to Dutch elm disease (DED). For this reason, it is commonly used in breeding programmes. Extensive hybridization and the high mortality produced by the last DED epidemic have endangered the conservation of the native elm. In this study, isozyme analyses are used to characterize the taxa U. minor and U. pumila. Siberian elms from Spain and China are compared with the native U. minor. Siberian elm produces isozyme patterns that completely differentiate it from U. minor. Three loci are completely different between the species: 6Pgd2, Mdh1 and Prx2. Isozyme markers can also be used to distinguish native elms from the hybrids that have evolved for generations."

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Ulmus+pumila (2)http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01805.x (3)Cogolludo-Agustin, Miguel Angel; Agundez, Dolores; Gil, Luis
Identification of native and hybrid elms in Spain using isozyme gene markers
Heredity 85 (2) : 157-166 August, 2000

6.04

(1)"The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Wind." (2)"Abstract: Eleven Ulmus spp. at the Arnold Arboretum were tested for compatibility and crossability. All these species, U. americana, U. carpinifolia, U. glabra, U. japonica, U. laciniata, U. laevis, U. procera, U. pumila, U. rubra, U. thomasii, and U. wilsoniana, are self-fertile. The successful intersectional crosses and the unsuccessful intrasectional crosses suggest that the current infrageneric classification of Ulmus is artificial. The form of dichogamy (protandry or protogyny) seems correlated with the compatibility between different species. The condition of dichogamy deserves consideration in sectional delimitations of the genus."

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Ulmus+pumila (2)HANS A S
COMPATIBILITY AND CROSSABILITY STUDIES IN ULMUS
Silvae Genetica 30 (4) : 149-152 1981

6.05

"The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Wind."

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Ulmus+pumila

6.06

Vegetative spread rate - none.

http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ULPU&photoID=ulpu_006_ahp.tif

6.07

(1)Large tree but fast growth rate (2)" The American Elm reaches reproductive maturity at around 15 years of age …" (3)Ulmus rubra - "Large crops are borne every 2 to 4 years, beginning after age 15." [Probaby > 4 years, given that the closely related conspecifics which are also large trees take about 15 years to reach reproductive stage].

(1)http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/u/ulmpum/ulmpum1.html (2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Elm (3)http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/ulmus/rubra.htm

7.01

No evidence that the species grows in heavily trafficked areas.

7.02

Used as an ornamental, for lumbar and as wind break.

7.03

(1)Weed: also potential seed contaminant (2)"U. pumila has been used in wheat agroforestry systems in China (Fan, 2000). It is planted in the northern Caspian region of Russia and Kazakhstan (Kulakova et al., 1996; Besschetnov and Shabalina, 1997) and eastern Mongolia (Lindeman et al., 1996), often in mixtures in windbreak plantings or rehabilitation of sandy, degraded land."

(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005.

7.04

(1)Winged seeds. (2)"The abundant, wind-dispersed seeds allow this plant to spread rapidly, forming dense thickets that close open areas displacing native vegetation and reducing forage for wild animals and livestock." (3)"Seeds are produced early in spring and spread by the wind."

(1)http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ULPU&photoID=ulpu_006_ahp.tif (2)http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=3479 (3)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/ulpu1.htm

7.05

No evidence.

7.06

No evidence.

7.07

No evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.08

No evidence of ingestion of seeds.

8.01

(1)"The abundant, wind-dispersed seeds allow this plant to spread rapidly, …" (2)"Thickets of seedlings soon form around seed-producing trees, bare ground areas, animal and insect mounds, and other disturbed areas." (3)Fruit/Seed Abundance: High, Seed per Pound: 64960, Seed size about 5 mm. (4)"Dense infestations produce > 1000 seeds per square meter - YES"

(1)http://www.invasive.org/browse/subject.cfm?sub=3479 (2)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/ulpu1.htm (3)http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/U/Ulmus_pumila.asp (4)http://portal.cal-ipc.org/files/PAFs/Ulmus%20pumila.pdf

8.02

Probably not -(1) "Seed storage recalcitrant; intermediate" (2)"Seed remains viable in the soil for 3 or more years - No"

(1)Forestry Compendium [Online database]. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://portal.cal-ipc.org/files/PAFs/Ulmus%20pumila.pdf

8.03

(1)"Chemical
To avoid resprouts after cutting or girdling, cut stumps may be treated with systemic herbicides such as glyphosate (e.g., Roundup®) and triclopyr (e.g., Garlon). After spring sap flow ceases and during the growing season, Minnesota DNR State Parks Southern Region Resource Management apply 4 parts water to 1 part glyphosate (based on 41% active ingredient glyphosate concentrate) with a hand sprayer to cut stumps. The entire stump should be saturated with the herbicide to achieve the most effective control. Garlon® 4 (triclopyr ester formulation) can be applied as a cut stump or basal bark treatment. For basal bark, apply a 20-percent solution in horticultural oil (2.5 quarts per 3-gallon mix) with a penetrant (check with herbicide distributor) to young bark as a basal spray in winter (January to February) or summer-fall (June to October). Cut stems can be immediately treated with glyphosate herbicide as a 20-percent solution (2.5 quarts per 3-gallon mix) in water with a surfactant." (2)"Chemical Control: Glyphosate may be used as a cut-stem application for large trees and resprouts. A 10-20% active ingredient concentration has proven to be effective, and should be applied in the fall or winter. If herbicide is used, care should be taken to prevent contact with nontarget species."

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/ulpu1.htm (2)http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/invasives/fact/elm.htm

8.04

Ability to resprout.

http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ULPU&photoID=ulpu_006_ahp.tif

8.05

Don’t know.