Typha latifolia L. Family - Typhaceae. Common Names(s) - Common cattail. Synonym(s) - NA.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

y

5

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

26

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008]

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)In North America in arctic, temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions from central Alaska and northwest Canada to Newfoundland, and south through every province, territory, and state to Mexico and Guatemala. (2)Broadleaf cattail is a cosmopolitan species found in North America, Mexico, Great Britain, Eurasia, India, Africa, New Zealand, and Australia. In Canada, broadleaf cattail occurs in all provinces and the Northwest Territories [76]. In the United States, broadleaf cattail is native to all states except Hawaii, where it is introduced [212]. It also occurs in Puerto Rico; nativity to Puerto Rico is unknown [107]. Flora of North America provides a distributional map of broadleaf cattail.

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008] (2)Gucker, Corey L. 2008. Typha latifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2008, October 14].

2.02

2.03

(1)Broadleaf cattail's wide distribution implies a wide tolerance of climatic conditions. Broadleaf cattail occurs in tropical, subtropical, southern and northern temperate, humid coastal, and dry continental climates (2)Broadleaf cattail occupies sites from sea level to 7,500 feet (2,300 m) throughout North America

(1)Grace, James B. 1989. Effects of water depth on Typha latifolia and Typha domingensis. American Journal of Botany. 76(5): 762-768. (2)Flora of North America Association. 2008. Flora of North America: The flora, [Online]. Flora of North America Association (Producer). Available: http://www.fna.org/FNA.

2.04

(1)In Hawai‘i, sparingly naturalized in low elevation, marshy sites

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.05

(1)Australia, New Zealand, Southern Africa, Caribbean, Chile, Argentina, Hawaii

(1)Weber, Ewald. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

3.01

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.02

(1)Broadleaf cattail is typical of early-seral, open-canopy communities. It occurs immediately or soon after disturbance in moist or wet habitats and occurs early in the primary succession of open water or debris flows. In forested habitats, broadleaf cattail persists only temporarily in disturbed sites. Broadleaf cattail occurred with up to 39% cover after a severe fire in pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. imbricarium) domes near Gainesville, Florida. Five years after the fire, broadleaf cattail cover ranged from 0% to 5% (2)In some areas, broadleaf cattail has increased at the expense of other native species. In Harewood Marsh of Jefferson County, West Virginia, hydrologic changes and increased nutrient inputs may have facilitated broadleaf cattail increases, which may threaten rare species' persistence (3)Highly invasive. Choose a spot with care; once established, cattails are very difficult, if not impossible, to remove. (4)Under certain circumstances, it is regarded as a weed, even though it has beneficial value for waterfowl and wildlife. Cattails in- terfere with the use and upkeep of irrigation and drain- age canals, and they obstruct water transport, fishing, and other events in lakes, reservoirs, rivers, ponds, and marshes. (5)Cattail stands can be damaging-they increase silting, obstruct travel, hinder fishing and recreational activities, offer breeding ground for mosquitoes, and increase water loss in fields and reservoirs.

(1)Gucker, Corey L. 2008. Typha latifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2008, October 14]. (2)Drohan, P. J.; Ross, C. N.; Anderson, J. T.; Fortney, R. F.; Rentch, J. S. 2006. Soil and hydrological drivers of Typha latifolia encroachment in a marl wetland. Wetlands Ecology and Management. 14(2): 107-122. (3)Holmes, R. 1997. Taylor's Guide to Ornamental Grasses: More Than 165 of These Versatile, Low-Maintenance Plants, Pictured in Color with Full Descriptions of How to Use Them. Houghton Mifflin Gardening. New York. (4)Grace, J. B. and J. S. Harrison. 1986. The biology of Canadian weeds. 73. Typha latifolia L., Typha angustifolia L. and Typha xglauca Godr. Can. J. Plant Sci. 66:361-379. (5)Holm, L., J. Doll, E. Holm, J. Pancho, and J. Herberger. 1997. World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution. New York: John Wiley.

3.03

(1)Although common cattail is found in 58 countries, few African countries report it as an important weed. It is more prevalent as a weed in Europe and North America than other regions. Common cattail is the main weed of irrigation systems in Australia, India, and Rumania, and of rice in Morocco and Russia. It is a common U.S. rice (Oryza sativa L.) weed that also occurs in rice in Greece, India, Iran, Mexico, the Philippines, and Portugal.

(1)Mitich, L.M. 2001. Common Cattail, Typha latifolia L. Weed Technology 14(2): 446-450.

3.04

Most impacts associated with water obstruction, and other amenities [Answer Yes to Question 3.02] (1)considered an undesirable weed in marshes managed primarily for ducks...Very easily grown, but very invasive. (2)Ecologically, cattails tend to invade native plant communities when hydrology, salinity, or fertility changes. In this case they out compete native species, often becoming monotypic stands of dense cattails. Maintaining water flows into the wetland, reducing nutrient input and maintaining salinity in tidal marshes will help maintain desirable species composition. If cattails begin to invade, physical removal may be necessary.

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008] (2)http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_tyla.pdf [Accessed 14 Oct 2008]

3.05

(1)The 15 species of Typha are prevalent and bothersome emergent aquatic weeds with a worldwide distribution (2)ABSTRACT Sediments from Cheboygan Marsh, a coastal freshwater wetland on Lake Huron that has been invaded by an emergent exotic plant, Typha×glauca, were examined to assess the effects of invasion on wetland nutrient levels and sediment microbial communities. Comparison of invaded and uninvaded zones of the marsh indicated that the invaded zone showed significantly lower plant diversity, as well as significantly higher aboveground plant biomass and soil organic matter. The sediments in the invaded zone also showed dramatically higher concentrations of soluble nutrients, including greater than 10-fold higher soluble ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate, which suggests that Typha×glauca invasion may be impacting the wetland's ability to remove nutrients. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses revealed significant differences in the composition of total bacterial communities (based on 16S-rRNA genes) and denitrifier communities (based on nirS genes) between invaded and uninvaded zones. This shift in denitrifiers in the sediments may be ecologically significant due to the critical role that denitrifying bacteria play in removal of nitrogen by wetlands.

(1)Hickman, J. C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. (2)Angeloni, N.L., K. J. Jankowski, N. C. Tuchman and J. J. Kelly. 2006. Effects of an invasive cattail species (Typha×glauca) on sediment nitrogen and microbial community composition in a freshwater wetland. FEMS Microbiology Letters 263(1): 86 - 92.

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

Experimental evidence, but little or no evidence from field conditions (1)Leaves and stems may also produce allelopathic inhibitors. (2)Abstract;As a field of recreation and scenic beauty for people or habitat for animal community, hydrophytes such as Phragmites australis Trin., Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel., Zizania latifolia Turcz. and Typha latifolia L. have frequently been planted in waterfront. The purpose of this study is to propose a consideration for planting of foregoing plants based on the allelopathic potential of interspecies. The allelopathic potential was examined using root chambers in which each young shoot independently lived. That is to say, it was examined from the elongation rate of young shoot root which changed by the contact of each root chamber. On the other hand, the experiment

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008] (2)Taizo, U., N. Sachiko and M. Junko. 2001. Fundamental studies on waterfront revegetation. 2. Allelopathic potential of interspecies which affects the elongation rate of root. Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology 27(2): 436-440. (3)Bonasera, J., J. Lynch and M. A. Leck. 1979. Comparison of the Allelopathic Potential of Four Marsh Species. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 106(3): 217-222. (4)Grace, J.B. 1983. AUTO TOXIC INHIBITION OF SEED GERMINATION BY TYPHA-LATIFOLIA AN EVALUATION Oecologia 59(2-3): 366-369.

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008]

4.04

(1)Broad-leaved cattail can also form floating mats. Cattail stands provide important food and cover for wildlife. For example, the rhizomes are eaten by geese and muskrats...In the spring, the emerging plant can be eaten. Slightly later in the season, in late April or early May, the tender developing spike is also edible. After the flower spike is mature (after it extends above the leaves), it becomes tough and inedible. Many consider the young plant and its tender spike to be delicacies. (2)Although broadleaf cattail is not considered particularly palatable to livestock, it may be consumed when water levels drop and/or other upland forage is unavailable. Grazing and trampling can reduce broadleaf cattail abundance. (3)Grazing: Grazing by cows, geese, muskrats, and other animals can be an effective method of cattail management. Grazing on seedlings and young cattails without extensive rhizomes can reduce the stem density of the colony. For mature plants, grazing combined with water-level management reduces survival rates. To maximize the impact of grazing, it should be heaviest during the three-week window of time when the flower spikes are emerging.

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008] (2)Gucker, Corey L. 2008. Typha latifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2008, October 14]. (3)http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/fact/com_cattail.htm [Accessed 14 Oct 2008]

4.05

No evidence (1)In the spring, the emerging plant can be eaten. Slightly later in the season, in late April or early May, the tender developing spike is also edible. After the flower spike is mature (after it extends above the leaves), it becomes tough and inedible. Many consider the young plant and its tender spike to be delicacies.

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008]

4.06

(1)No evidence

(1)Gucker, Corey L. 2008. Typha latifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2008, October 14].

4.07

No evidence (1)Native Americans used as food. Rhizomes were dried and ground into flour or eaten as cooked vegetables; young stems were eaten raw or cooked; and immature fruiting spikes were roasted. The leaves were woven for matting and the soft down from ripe fruiting heads was used as padding and in diapers. (2)The down of cattails has been reported to be irritating to the eyes, but the pollen is not considered to cause any significant allergic reactions in humans

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008] (2)Morton, J. F 1975. Cattails (Typha spp.)-weed problem or potential crop? Econ. Bot. 29:7-29.

4.08

Fire regimes: Broadleaf cattail is restricted to moist or wet sites; however, some indicate that these habitats can burn frequently [40,65]. Fires are not considered frequent in all broadleaf cattail habitats, though. In alluvial communities of the southeastern Coastal Plain, broadleaf cattail occurs at the edge of oxbow lakes, where fire is not common [29]. It is likely that fire regimes in broadleaf cattail marshes and stands are dictated by surrounding upland vegetation. If nearby vegetation is highly flammable and conditions are dry, fire is likely in broadleaf cattail vegetation [65].
Fuels: Fires are not uncommon in broadleaf cattail habitats, and often fuel loads are more than adequate for fire spread. Robertson [179] reported that the fuel load/unit area in wetlands can be higher than that of uplands in the upper Midwest. Wetland fires may burn "hotter" and, given proper conditions, "faster" than upland sites. Fires in cattail marshes produce thick, black smoke, similar to that produced when tires burn (Rhode, personal communication in [179]).

(1)Gucker, Corey L. 2008. Typha latifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2008, October 14].

4.09

(1)Broadleaf cattail is shade intolerant (2)full light conditions are most conducive to seed germination

(1)Kudish, Michael. 1992. Adirondack upland flora: an ecological perspective. Saranac, NY: The Chauncy Press. (2)Bonnewell, V.; Koukkari, W. L.; Pratt, D. C. 1983. Light, oxygen, and temperature requirements for Typha latifolia seed germination. Canadian Journal of Botany. 61: 1330-1336.

4.10

(1)Soils: Cattail stands produce enormous quantities of litter; established stands tend to grow on soils with high amounts of organic matter. May also grow on fine texture mineral soils, but usually with organic matter in the surface layers...Soil - succeeds in acid and calcareous soils and requires a less organic-rich soil than Typha angustifolia in order to do well. (2)Soils: Broadleaf cattail tolerates many soil textures, nutrient levels, moisture regimes, and pH levels.

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008] (2)Gucker, Corey L. 2008. Typha latifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2008, October 14].

4.11

(1)Plants usually coarse and stout

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

(1)In some cases, cattails can form extensive monotypes that may be considered undesirable because they lack diversity.

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008]

5.01

(1)An erect, rhizomatous, semiaquatic or aquatic, perennial herb...A persistent emergent found in almost all our wetland plant communities from deep marshes to open bogs, growing on wet substrates and often in one to two feet or more of standing water. It spreads extensively by rhizomes so that an acre of cattail may consist of only a few individual plants. Broad-leaved cattail can also form floating mats. (2)Broadleaf cattail is an aquatic or semiaquatic emergent perennial.

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008] (2)Gucker, Corey L. 2008. Typha latifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2008, October 14].

5.02

Typhaceae

5.03

Typhaceae

5.04

Spreads by rhizomes [See Question 6.06]

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Gucker, Corey L. 2008. Typha latifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2008, October 14].

6.02

(1)Reproduces by seed and vegetatively by rhizomes

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008]

6.03

(1)Distribution of these species overlaps considerably in the contiguous US. Where Typha latifolia and Typha angustifolia occur together, hybrids are common, especially in habitats with variable water levels. Typha latifolia x T. angustifolia hybrids (Typha x glauca.), commonly known as Hybrid or Glaucus Cattail, are especially common in the Midwest and may develop extensive pure stands by rhizomatous growth. Hybrids are almost always intermediate in form between the parent species. (2)Hybrids: Broadleaf cattail hybridizes with both other North American cattail species, narrow-leaved cattail (T. angustifolia) and southern cattail (T. domingensis), where distributions overlap. Hybrid swarms of all 3 species have been identified in central California. T × glauca has been used to describe both broadleaf cattail × narrow-leaved cattail and broadleaf cattail × southern cattail hybrids.

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008] (2)Gucker, Corey L. 2008. Typha latifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2008, October 14].

6.04

(1)Researchers indicate that self pollination and clonal growth have increased the genetic homogeneity of stands while increasing genetic differences between sites.

(1)Gucker, Corey L. 2008. Typha latifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2008, October 14].

6.05

(1)Flowers wind-pollinated

(1)Wagner, W. L., D.R. Herbst and S.H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.06

(1)It spreads extensively by rhizomes so that an acre of cattail may consist of only a few individual plants...Vegetative reproduction occurs through an extensive rhizome system and is responsible for the maintenance and expansion of existing stands.

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008]

6.07

(1)Growth rate rapid, spreading freely at the roots when in a suitable site; not suitable for growing in small areas. Unless restrained by some means, such as a large bottomless container, the plant will soon completely take over a site and will grow into the pond, gradually filling it in. This species will often form an almost complete monoculture in boggy soil. (2)In controlled conditions, broadleaf cattail grown from seed produced flowers early in the second year of growth.

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008] (2)Gucker, Corey L. 2008. Typha latifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2008, October 14].

7.01

(1)Seeds are also dispersed through soil movement when mud clings to animals or people...Dispersal is also likely through tillage and substrate movement

(1)DiTomaso, Joseph M.; Healy, Evelyn A. 2003. Aquatic and riparian weeds of the West. Publication 3421. Davis, CA: University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources. (2)Apfelbaum, Steven I. 1985. Cattail (Typha spp.) management. Natural Areas Journal. 5(3): 9-17.

7.02

(1)Ornamental (2)Ornamental uses

(1)Darke, R. 2007. The Encyclopedia of Grasses for Livable Landscapes. Timber Press, Portland, OR. (2)Holmes, R. 1997. Taylor's Guide to Ornamental Grasses: More Than 165 of These Versatile, Low-Maintenance Plants, Pictured in Color with Full Descriptions of How to Use Them. Houghton Mifflin Gardening. New York.

7.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Mitich, L.M. 2001. Common Cattail, Typha latifolia L. Weed Technology 14(2): 446-450.

7.04

(1)A dominant component of early successional stages in wetlands. It rapidly colonizes exposed wet mineral soils, as it produces an extremely high number of wind and water dispersed seeds. (2)Fertilized flowers produce single-seeded, nutlike achenes up to 1.5 mm long [122,227]. Long slender hairs at the base allow for wind and water transport of the "eventually dehiscent" seeds

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008] (2)Gucker, Corey L. 2008. Typha latifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2008, October 14].

7.05

(1)A dominant component of early successional stages in wetlands. It rapidly colonizes exposed wet mineral soils, as it produces an extremely high number of wind and water dispersed seeds. (2)Fertilized flowers produce single-seeded, nutlike achenes up to 1.5 mm long [122,227]. Long slender hairs at the base allow for wind and water transport of the "eventually dehiscent" seeds...Broadleaf cattail seeds are transported by wind, water, and substrate movement. Achenes have numerous long slender hairs at the base that allow fruits to float on water and blow in the wind.

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008] (2)Gucker, Corey L. 2008. Typha latifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2008, October 14].

7.06

Birds act as seed predators rather than dispersers (1)As food, the seeds are too small to be an important source, but are eaten by Green Wing Teal, Semipalmated Sandpiper, Canada Goose, and Snow Goose.

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008]

7.07

(1)Seeds are also dispersed through soil movement when mud clings to animals or people (2)Seeds may also be transported with portions of broadleaf cattail clones that are torn by wind, water, ice, or animals (3)The pointed seeds can become embedded in the skin of fishes, resulting in further transport.

(1)DiTomaso, Joseph M.; Healy, Evelyn A. 2003. Aquatic and riparian weeds of the West. Publication 3421. Davis, CA: University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources. (2)Apfelbaum, Steven I. 1985. Cattail (Typha spp.) management. Natural Areas Journal. 5(3): 9-17. (3)Krattinger, K. 1975. Genetic mobility in Typha. Aquat. Bot. 1:57-70.

7.08

No evidence (1)Seeds are also dispersed through soil movement when mud clings to animals or people (2)Seeds may also be transported with portions of broadleaf cattail clones that are torn by wind, water, ice, or animals (3)The pointed seeds can become embedded in the skin of fishes, resulting in further transport.

(1)DiTomaso, Joseph M.; Healy, Evelyn A. 2003. Aquatic and riparian weeds of the West. Publication 3421. Davis, CA: University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources. (2)Apfelbaum, Steven I. 1985. Cattail (Typha spp.) management. Natural Areas Journal. 5(3): 9-17. (3)Krattinger, K. 1975. Genetic mobility in Typha. Aquat. Bot. 1:57-70.

8.01

(1)Seed production prolific; each spike may contain 117,000 to 268,000 tiny seeds. At maturity, the spike bursts under dry conditions, releasing the fruits. Each fruit has bristly hairs that aid in wind dispersal. When the fruit comes in contact with water, the pericarp opens rapidly, releasing the seed, which then sinks. In wet weather the fruits often fall to the ground in dense mats. (2)From 10 spikes that averaged 7 inches (18 cm) long, an average of over 222,000 seeds/spike was produced...The greatest number of broadleaf cattail seedlings (15,060/m²) emerged from the top 0.8 inch (2 cm) of soil collected in March from vegetation dominated by calamus (Acorus calamus) and broadleaf cattail. Soils collected in June from the same depth and vegetation type had 2,340/m² broadleaf cattail seedlings emerge. There were 5,060/m² and 2,150/m² broadleaf cattail seedlings in the top 0.8 inch of soils collected in March and June, respectively, in shrublands dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum), silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), and alder (Alnus spp.). Broadleaf cattail seedling emergence decreased with increasing soil depths, and no seedlings emerged from soil samples taken from depths greater than 5.9 inches (15 cm). More seedlings emerged on unprotected sites (53,000/m²) than on sites with seed rain excluded (38,700/m²). Although differences were not significant (P>0.05) [126], they suggest a persistent seed bank.

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008] (2)Gucker, Corey L. 2008. Typha latifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2008, October 14].

8.02

(1)Seed banking: Broadleaf cattail produces a persistent seed bank. Although there are no reports of how long broadleaf cattail seed remains viable in the soil, its emergence from soils in late-seral forests that have long been unsuitable broadleaf cattail habitat suggests long-term persistence or long-distance dispersal. In Washington, a small percentage of field-collected broadleaf cattail seed germinated after being stored in a freshwater canal for 60 months [33]. While dense broadleaf cattail seedlings often emerged from sites where broadleaf cattail was important [126,210], there were exceptions [48,210]. Most of the studies below used the emergence method to determine the density of broadleaf cattail seed in the soil. This method requires, but rarely assures, that ideal broadleaf cattail germination conditions are provided.

(1)Gucker, Corey L. 2008. Typha latifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2008, October 14].

8.03

(1)A number of herbicides are used for chemical control, e.g. glyphosate, amitrole, dalapon, 2,4-D, or TCA. Success depends on time of application and density of infestations.

(1)Weber, Ewald. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

8.04

(1)Rhizomes are buried in the soil and often under water where they cannot be harmed by the heat of fire. When aboveground foliage is consumed by fire, new top-growth develops from surviving underground rhizomes...The effects of fire vary with water depth and soil moisture. On flooded sites and on sites with exposed but saturated soils, fire consumes most or all of the aboveground growth, but underground rhizomes remain undamaged and plants survive. When soils become dry because of drought or marshland drainage, fires can burn deep into the organic layers, consuming the rhizomes and killing the plant. (2)After fires in established broadleaf cattail stands, broadleaf cattail typically sprouts from rhizomes. Within 1 year of the fire, burned and unburned sites may only be different in litter accumulations

(1)http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/aquatics/typhalat.html [Accessed 14 Oct 2008] (2)Barry, W. James; Carle, David H.; Carle, Janet A. 2002. The use of prescribed fire in wetland restoration at Mono Lake Tufa State Reserve. In: Sugihara, Neil G.; Morales, Maria; Morales, Tony, eds. Fire in California ecosystems: integrating ecology, prevention and management: Proceedings of the symposium; 1997 November 17-20; San Diego, CA. Misc. Pub. No. 1.

8.05

Unknown