Tournefortia argentea L.f. Family - Boraginaceae Common Names(s) - tree-heliotrope, velvet leaf soldierbush. Synonym(s) - Argusia argentea (L.f.) Heine

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4+

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

4

Notes

Source

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native distribution: Kenya [s.e.]; Tanzania – Zanzibar; Mozambique [e.]; Madagascar ; China - HainanJapan - Ryukyu Islands; Taiwan ; India [s.]; Sri Lanka; Vietnam; Indonesia; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Australia - Northern Territory [n.], Queensland [n.]; Marshall Islands; Micronesia; Northern Mariana Islands; Cook Islands; French Polynesia; Fiji; New Caledonia; Niue; Samoa; Tonga

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?412122 [Cited 2010 July 29].

2.02

(1) Native distribution: Kenya [s.e.]; Tanzania – Zanzibar; Mozambique [e.]; Madagascar ; China - HainanJapan - Ryukyu Islands; Taiwan ; India [s.]; Sri Lanka; Vietnam; Indonesia; Malaysia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Australia - Northern Territory [n.], Queensland [n.]; Marshall Islands; Micronesia; Northern Mariana Islands; Cook Islands; French Polynesia; Fiji; New Caledonia; Niue; Samoa; Tonga

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?412122 [Cited 2010 July 29].

2.03

(1) Restricted to coastal environments, 0–15 m (0–50ft) elevation with rainfall of 300–5000 mm (12–200 in).

(1) Manner, H.I., and C.R. Elevitch. 2006. Tournefortia argentea (tree heliotrope), ver. 3.1. In: Elevitch, C.R.(ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i. <http://www.traditionaltree.org>. [Cited 2010 July 29]

2.04

(1) Naturalized in: Kure Atoll, Midway Atoll, Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Lisianski Island, Laysan Island, French Frigate Shoals, Niihau Island, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii.

(1) Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and D. H. Lorence. 2005-. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands website. http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/index.htm [Accessed 2010 July 29]

2.05

No evidence of repeated introductions or availability via the internet.

3.01

(1) Naturalized in: Kure Atoll, Midway Atoll, Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Lisianski Island, Laysan Island, French Frigate Shoals, Niihau Island, Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii.

(1) Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and D. H. Lorence. 2005-. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands website. http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/index.htm [Accessed 2010 July 29]

3.02

No evidence.

3.03

(1) Tournefortia is a major weed of coconut and pandanus crops in the southern and western Pacific. [no impact, cost, or control mentioned]

(1)Waterhouse, D.F. 1997. The major invertebrate pests and weeds of agriculture and plantation forestry in the southern and western Pacific .ACIAR Monograph No. 44, 99p.

3.04

No evidence of control or impacts.

3.05

(1) T. hirsutissima is a principal weed in Puerto Rico. T. bicolor is a common weed in Peru.

(1) An electronic atlas of weeds and invasive species, Version 1.0. 1997. CD-ROM database.

4.01

(1) No spines, thorns or burrs.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

Unknown.

4.03

(1) Boraginaceae.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

(1) The leaves are an important pig food in Tokelau and Micronesia.

(1) Manner, H.I., and C.R. Elevitch. 2006. Tournefortia argentea (tree heliotrope), ver. 3.1. In: Elevitch, C.R.(ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i. <http://www.traditionaltree.org>. [Cited 2010 July 29]

4.05

(1) No toxicity reported in PubMed. (2) No toxicity reported in Toxnet. (3) The leaves are an important pig food in Tokelau and Micronesia.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2010 uly 29] (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [cited 2010 July 29]. (3) Manner, H.I., and C.R. Elevitch. 2006. Tournefortia argentea (tree heliotrope), ver. 3.1. In: Elevitch, C.R.(ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i. <http://www.traditionaltree.org>. [Cited 2010 July 29]

4.06

(1) "Tree heliotrope is relatively free of pests and diseases. It is, however, subject to infestation by heliotrope moth larvae. Root rot is also a problem if the soil is too wet."

(1) Manner, H.I., and C.R. Elevitch. 2006. Tournefortia argentea (tree heliotrope), ver. 3.1. In: Elevitch, C.R.(ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i. <http://www.traditionaltree.org>. [Cited 2010 July 29]

4.07

(1) "Tree heliotrope figures prominently in the cultural ecology and ritual of many atoll islanders. The leaves are often eaten as a vegetable and used as pig fodder. The wood is used in house construction, canoe parts, and handicraft items, knife and other tool handles, frames for diving goggles, gongs, and canoe bailers. The leaves are widely used in traditional medicine and rituals, from curing children's’ rashes, diarrhea, and fish poisoning (in Nauru) to medicinal teas, steam baths, and to stop bleeding and cover bruises, to name a few. The leaves are also used to cure diseases caused by the violation of sea taboos."

(1) Manner, H.I., and C.R. Elevitch. 2006. Tournefortia argentea (tree heliotrope), ver. 3.1. In: Elevitch, C.R.(ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i. <http://www.traditionaltree.org>. [Cited 2010 July 29]

4.08

Unknown.

4.09

(1) Grows best in full sun. (2) Sun to partial shade. (3) Sun

(1) Manner, H.I., and C.R. Elevitch. 2006. Tournefortia argentea (tree heliotrope), ver. 3.1. In: Elevitch, C.R.(ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i. <http://www.traditionaltree.org>. [Cited 2010 July 29] (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/124860/ [cited 2010 July 29]. (3) http://ttmagazine.info/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?search_op=and&keyword_op=and&language=e&number=5&v1=sea&user=tt&sale=1&first=376 [Cited 2010 July 29].

4.10

(1) "This species is commonly found on sandy beaches and rocky coral limestone slopes where soils are very thin. These soils are typically shallow, well drained, and of low fertility (deficient in iron, nitrogen, potassium, and trace elements). Most of the exchange capacity of these soils is found in the soil organic matter, which is often low. The soils are mainly Lithosols and Inceptisols."; pH 6.1-7.4

(1) Manner, H.I., and C.R. Elevitch. 2006. Tournefortia argentea (tree heliotrope), ver. 3.1. In: Elevitch, C.R.(ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i. <http://www.traditionaltree.org>. [Cited 2010 July 29]

4.11

(1) Treelet usually to 15 - (35)'.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

Unknown.

5.01

(1) Terres

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1) Boraginaceae.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.03

(1) Boraginaceae.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.04

(1) Treelet.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Easy to propagate by seed.

(1) Manner, H.I., and C.R. Elevitch. 2006. Tournefortia argentea (tree heliotrope), ver. 3.1. In: Elevitch, C.R.(ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i. <http://www.traditionaltree.org>. [Cited 2010 July 29]

6.03

Unknown.

6.04

Unknown.

6.05

(1)" Flowering nearly continuously throughout the year, tree heliotrope is a good source of bee forage. The flowers also attract numerous butterflies, which inspired the Samoan name for the plant, moega pepe, bed for butterflies.” The flowers attract bees, wasps, moths, and butterflies. (2)Flowers sessile in stiff, paniculate scorpoid cymes. White corolla 2.5 - 3 mm long with short tube - 1.5 to 2 mm long. (3)Messerschmidia argentea , with exposed nectaries, was visited by many bees, predominantly short-tongued Halictidae

(1) Manner, H.I., and C.R. Elevitch. 2006. Tournefortia argentea (tree heliotrope), ver. 3.1. In: Elevitch, C.R.(ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i. <http://www.traditionaltree.org>. [Cited 2010 July 29]. (2)Wagner,W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (3) Iwata, M. 1990. Studies on insect communities on flowers. I. On the behavior of flower-visiting Hymenoptera in Iriomote Island. Proceedings of Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu Tokai University. 9:17-24

6.06

(1) Propagate by seed, cuttings or air-layering.

(1) Manner, H.I., and C.R. Elevitch. 2006. Tournefortia argentea (tree heliotrope), ver. 3.1. In: Elevitch, C.R.(ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i. <http://www.traditionaltree.org>. [Cited 2010 July 29]

6.07

(1) Relatively slow growing with a growth rate of 0.75 m (2.5 ft) per year. Tournefortia is slow growing and it takes a plant grown from seed a year to be planted out. Trees grown from cuttings take 1-2 years to flower. Tree begins flowering in several years when grown from seed. (2) 4+

(1) Manner, H.I., and C.R. Elevitch. 2006. Tournefortia argentea (tree heliotrope), ver. 3.1. In: Elevitch, C.R.(ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i. <http://www.traditionaltree.org>. [Cited 2010 July 29] (2) R. Criley, UH Department of Horticulture, personal communication

7.01

No evidence of unintentional dispersal.

7.02

No evidence of intentional dispersal via nursery sources on the internet.

7.03

No evidence of produce contaminant. Coastal strand species

7.04

(1) Seeds are buoyant and water dispersed.

(1) Manner, H.I., and C.R. Elevitch. 2006. Tournefortia argentea (tree heliotrope), ver. 3.1. In: Elevitch, C.R.(ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i. <http://www.traditionaltree.org>. [Cited 2010 July 29]

7.05

(1) Seeds are buoyant and water dispersed.

(1) Manner, H.I., and C.R. Elevitch. 2006. Tournefortia argentea (tree heliotrope), ver. 3.1. In: Elevitch, C.R. (ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Hōlualoa, Hawai‘i. <http://www.traditionaltree.org>. [Cited 2010 July 29]

7.06

(1) Seeds are bird dispersed.

(1) Rogers, R.W. 1993. Plant colonization of a rubble bank on Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Atoll Research Bulletin. No. 348. National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institute. Washington D.C.

7.07

(1) White, fleshy globose fruits. [no external means of attachment].

(1) Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu.

7.08

(1) Seeds are bird dispersed.

(1) Rogers, R.W. 1993. Plant colonization of a rubble bank on Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Atoll Research Bulletin. No. 348. National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institute. Washington D.C.

8.01

(1) White, fleshy globose fruits. No information regarding seed size and number. (2) Four nutlets per fruit [borderline, about 50 fruits per inflorescence, approaching 1000 seeds per m2 if 5 or more inflorescences exist in 1 m2] (3) Image of Tournefortia argentea demonstrates > 1000 seeds per m2.

(1) Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of flowering plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii at Press. Honolulu. (2) http://midway.fws.gov/wildlife/plants.html (3) http://www.hear.org/starr/images/images/plants/full/starr-061102-9573.jpg [cited 2010 July 29]

8.02

(1) Turnefortia argentea has seeds that" remain dormant on the ground under the mother tree even when rained upon. If washed away by waves, the seeds remain dormant while floating in the sea, sometimes for over a year. However after incubation in seawater, if they are stranded and rained upon dormancy is broken."

(1) Sauer, J.D. 1991. Plant migration: the dynamics of geographic patterning in seed plant species. University of California Press. Berkeley 298 pp. http://books.google.com/books?id=PJk9DxA5cAMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22Jonathan+D.+Sauer%22&hl=
en&ei=vC5STOnwH8WhnQex8bivAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false [cited 2010 July 29]

8.03

Unknown.

8.04

Unknown.

8.05

Unknown.