Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Tipuana tipu; tipu tree

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

8

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Cruz, N.T., M.U. Morales, E. Rojas and D. Jøker. (2002) Seed Leaflet No. 55 Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Krogerupvej 21, DK-3050 Humlebaek, Denmark. Tel.: + 45 49 19 05 00; Fax: + 45 49 16 02 58; email: dfsc@dfsc.dk]
Available at: <http://www.dfsc.dk/Tipuana%20tipu_55_int.pdf>

"Indigenous to southern Bolivia and northern part of Argentina. It is a common tree in the gallery forests of the Andes where it is found both in valleys and in mountain forests up to 2900 masl. In Bolivia it forms open forests, often in association with Schinopsis hankeana, Schinus molle, Jacaranda mimosifolia,  Acacia visco, Tecoma garrocha and Dodonea viscosa."  "It grows under a wide range of climatic conditions and tolerates a variety of soils. It is found in the dry valleys of the Andes as well as in humid areas receiving more than 2500 mm rain/year. It prefers soils with good drainage but is in general able to grow on most sites, including foothills and the borders of dry farming lands. It is drought resistant, tolerates temperatures below 0°C and survives very high levels of salinity. Widely planted in other parts of the world in tropical to warm temperate climates."

2.02

2.03

Cruz, N.T., M.U. Morales, E. Rojas and D. Jøker. (2002) Seed Leaflet No. 55 Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Krogerupvej 21, DK-3050 Humlebaek, Denmark. Tel.: + 45 49 19 05 00; Fax: + 45 49 16 02 58; email: dfsc@dfsc.dk]
Available at: <http://www.dfsc.dk/Tipuana%20tipu_55_int.pdf>

"Indigenous to southern Bolivia and northern part of Argentina. It is a common tree in the gallery forests of the Andes where it is found both in valleys and in mountain forests up to 2900 masl. In Bolivia it forms open forests, often in association with Schinopsis hankeana, Schinus molle, Jacaranda mimosifolia,  Acacia visco, Tecoma garrocha and Dodonea viscosa."  "It grows under a wide range of climatic conditions and tolerates a variety of soils. It is found in the dry valleys of the Andes as well as in humid areas receiving more than 2500 mm rain/year. It prefers soils with good drainage but is in general able to grow on most sites, including foothills and the borders of dry farming lands. It is drought resistant, tolerates temperatures below 0°C and survives very high levels of salinity. Widely planted in other parts of the world in tropical to warm temperate climates."

2.04

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Origin: S. Brazil and Argentina (Plant Master) / Southern Brazil to Bolivia (Hort. Trees & Shrubs). T. tipu is native to southern Bolivia and northern Argentina (Brown et al., 1985) and has been used extensively in the warm temperate and subtropical regions of the world as an ornamental and shade tree.--(Forestry Compendium: Importance)

2.05

CAB International, (2000) Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

List of countries where planted: Europe, Africa, North America [California, Florida, Hawaii], South America, Oceania, Australia.--(Forestry Compendium: Geographic Distr.)

3.01

(1)Arnold, T.H. and B.C. deWet. 1993. Plants of southern Africa: Names and Distribution. National Botanical Institute, Pretoria, SA (2)Stanley and Ross. Flora of Southeastern Queensland Queensland Department of Primary Industries (3)Wunderland. 1998. Guide to the Vascular plants of Floridal University Press of Florida, Gainesville

(1)NOT listed as naturalized in S. Africa (2)NOT listed as naturalized in Queensland (3)NOT listed for Florida [this reference lists rare escapes]

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

(1)http://www.weedwarriors.co.za/Pests1.html (2)http://conservation.ipswich.qld.gov.au/conservation/garden_escapees.htm, Randall, R. 2001. Garden thugs, a national list of invasive and potentially invasive garden plants. Plant Protection Quarterly 16:138-171.

(1)South Africa -- category 3 invader (lowest priority ranking) (2)Potential environmental weed (of unknown importance) in Australia

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Cruz, N.T., M.U. Morales, E. Rojas and D. Jøker. (2002) Seed Leaflet No. 55 Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Krogerupvej 21, DK-3050 Humlebaek, Denmark. Tel.: + 45 49 19 05 00; Fax: + 45 49 16 02 58; email: dfsc@dfsc.dk]
Available at: <http://www.dfsc.dk/Tipuana%20tipu_55_int.pdf>

Botanical description: A large, semi-deciduous tree up to 20 m, occasionally 30 m, with spreading crown. The trunk is straight and the bark is thick and fissured, flaking with age. When cut, the branches exude a red and sticky sap. Leaves pinnate, 10-20 cm long, with 11-29 leaflets. Flowers bisexual, yellow to orange, in long loose inflorescences.

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

AB: The results are presented of a study carried out at ILRI, Ethiopia. The potential forage value and appropriate length of studies on intake and relative palatability (Ri) ranking for 40 multipurpose tree species (MPTs) were determined using 24 sheep blocked on live weight and age. As the MPTs had different dry matter contents (Di), intakes (Ai) were also expressed as a ratio of quantity offered (Ai/Di). Using daily Eragrostis tef straw offer (TDi) and intake (Ti), relative palatability indices were calculated as Ri = (Ai/Di)/(Ti/TDi). There was a significant decrease in correlation of intake measured on day 1 and on subsequent days (2-4, 5-8 and 9-12). A similar trend was observed on corresponding palatability indices. Individual animal preference and blocking did not affect intake and palatability indices significantly. However, significant tree species differences were observed. Results on linear regression, correlation coefficients, palatability ranking and standard errors of means (adjusted palatabil

4.05

Kaitho, R. J.; Umunna, N. N.; Nsahlai, I. V.; Tamminga, S.; Bruchem, J. van; Hanson, J.; Wouw, M. van de (1997) Palatability of multipurpose tree species: effect of species and length of study on intake and relative palatability by sheep. Agroforestry

AB: The results are presented of a study carried out at ILRI, Ethiopia. The potential forage value and appropriate length of studies on intake and relative palatability (Ri) ranking for 40 multipurpose tree species (MPTs) were determined using 24 sheep blocked on live weight and age. As the MPTs had different dry matter contents (Di), intakes (Ai) were also expressed as a ratio of quantity offered (Ai/Di). Using daily Eragrostis tef straw offer (TDi) and intake (Ti), relative palatability indices were calculated as Ri = (Ai/Di)/(Ti/TDi). There was a significant decrease in correlation of intake measured on day 1 and on subsequent days (2-4, 5-8 and 9-12). A similar trend was observed on corresponding palatability indices. Individual animal preference and blocking did not affect intake and palatability indices significantly. However, significant tree species differences were observed. Results on linear regression, correlation coefficients, palatability ranking and standard errors of means (adjusted palatabil

4.06

Santos, B. B. dos; Cosmos, P. C. 1987. Host plants to nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne Goeldi in the Metropolitan region of Curitiba-PR.
Plantas hospedeiras de nematóides do género Meloidogyne Goeldi na região Metropolitana de Curitiba-PR. Revista do Setor de Ciências Agrárias, 9:187-188.

root knot nematodes

4.07

no evidence

4.08

Cruz, N.T., M.U. Morales, E. Rojas and D. Jøker. (2002) Seed Leaflet No. 55 Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Krogerupvej 21, DK-3050 Humlebaek, Denmark. Tel.: + 45 49 19 05 00; Fax: + 45 49 16 02 58; email: dfsc@dfsc.dk]
Available at: <http://www.dfsc.dk/Tipuana%20tipu_55_int.pdf>

unlikely -- it forms open forests

4.09

(1)Horticopia, Inc. (2002) Horticopia Plant Information. Available at:<http://www.hortpix.com/pc4272.htm> (2)http://www.cuyamaca.net/oh170/Characteristic%20Pages/Tipuana%20tipu.asp

(1)"prefers full sun" (2)Full Sun

4.1

Cruz, N.T., M.U. Morales, E. Rojas and D. Jøker. (2002) Seed Leaflet No. 55 Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Krogerupvej 21, DK-3050 Humlebaek, Denmark. Tel.: + 45 49 19 05 00; Fax: + 45 49 16 02 58; email: dfsc@dfsc.dk]
Available at: <http://www.dfsc.dk/Tipuana%20tipu_55_int.pdf>

and tolerates a variety of soils. "

4.11

Cruz, N.T., M.U. Morales, E. Rojas and D. Jøker. (2002) Seed Leaflet No. 55 Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Krogerupvej 21, DK-3050 Humlebaek, Denmark. Tel.: + 45 49 19 05 00; Fax: + 45 49 16 02 58; email: dfsc@dfsc.dk]
Available at: <http://www.dfsc.dk/Tipuana%20tipu_55_int.pdf>

Botanical description: A large, semi-deciduous tree up to 20 m, occasionally 30 m, with spreading crown. The trunk is straight and the bark is thick and fissured, flaking with age. When cut, the branches exude a red and sticky sap. Leaves pinnate, 10-20 cm long, with 11-29 leaflets. Flowers bisexual, yellow to orange, in long loose inflorescences.

4.12

Cruz, N.T., M.U. Morales, E. Rojas and D. Jøker. (2002) Seed Leaflet No. 55 Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Krogerupvej 21, DK-3050 Humlebaek, Denmark. Tel.: + 45 49 19 05 00; Fax: + 45 49 16 02 58; email: dfsc@dfsc.dk]
Available at: <http://www.dfsc.dk/Tipuana%20tipu_55_int.pdf>

"In Bolivia it forms open forests, often in association with Schinopsis hankeana, Schinus molle, Jacaranda mimosifolia,  Acacia visco, Tecoma garrocha and Dodonea viscosa."

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Fabaceae

5.03

Maschio, L. M. de A.; Gaiad, S.; Camargo, C. M. S.; Andrade, F. M. de; Batti, A. M. B. (1997) Establishment of forest species on a disturbed soil. [FT: Estabelecimento de espécies florestais em substrato degradado.]Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal, 1997, No.35, pp.39-48, 15 ref.

AB: "Tipuana tipu showed the highest rate of mycorrhizal colonization (66%), good nodule dry weight (0.18 g) and good overall development, despite a very poor root system. "

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Cruz, N.T., M.U. Morales, E. Rojas and D. Jøker. (2002) Seed Leaflet No. 55 Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Krogerupvej 21, DK-3050 Humlebaek, Denmark. Tel.: + 45 49 19 05 00; Fax: + 45 49 16 02 58; email: dfsc@dfsc.dk]
Available at: <http://www.dfsc.dk/Tipuana%20tipu_55_int.pdf>

"Dormancy and pretreatment
Unlike most legume seed, the seeds of T. tipu are not hardcoated and normally need no pretreatment to germinate."

6.03

monospecific genus

6.04

no evidence

6.05

Probably bee-pollinated (typical legume flower)

6.06

no evidence

6.07

Cruz, N.T., M.U. Morales, E. Rojas and D. Jøker. (2002) Seed Leaflet No. 55 Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Krogerupvej 21, DK-3050 Humlebaek, Denmark. Tel.: + 45 49 19 05 00; Fax: + 45 49 16 02 58; email: dfsc@dfsc.dk]
Available at: <http://www.dfsc.dk/Tipuana%20tipu_55_int.pdf>

"Trees normally start to set fruit when they are 8-10 years old."

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Cruz, N.T., M.U. Morales, E. Rojas and D. Jøker. (2002) Seed Leaflet No. 55 Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Krogerupvej 21, DK-3050 Humlebaek, Denmark. Tel.: + 45 49 19 05 00; Fax: + 45 49 16 02 58; email: dfsc@dfsc.dk]
Available at: <http://www.dfsc.dk/Tipuana%20tipu_55_int.pdf>

"Widely planted in other parts of the world in tropical to warm temperate climates"

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Cruz, N.T., M.U. Morales, E. Rojas and D. Jøker. (2002) Seed Leaflet No. 55 Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Krogerupvej 21, DK-3050 Humlebaek, Denmark. Tel.: + 45 49 19 05 00; Fax: + 45 49 16 02 58; email: dfsc@dfsc.dk]
Available at: <http://www.dfsc.dk/Tipuana%20tipu_55_int.pdf>

"Fruit: single-seeded, flat, indehiscent, winged pod (samara), 4-7 cm long, yellow-green at first later grey-brown."

7.05

no evidence

7.06

no evidence

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence

8.01

Cruz, N.T., M.U. Morales, E. Rojas and D. Jøker. (2002) Seed Leaflet No. 55 Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Krogerupvej 21, DK-3050 Humlebaek, Denmark. Tel.: + 45 49 19 05 00; Fax: + 45 49 16 02 58; email: dfsc@dfsc.dk]
Available at: <http://www.dfsc.dk/Tipuana%20tipu_55_int.pdf>

"Fruit: single-seeded, flat, indehiscent, winged pod (samara), 4-7 cm long, yellow-green at first later grey-brown. Seed: typical legume seed, reddish in colour. There are 1500-7000 seeds (dewinged fruits) per kg." [very large seed]

8.02

Cruz, N.T., M.U. Morales, E. Rojas and D. Jøker. (2002) Seed Leaflet No. 55 Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze. Danida Forest Seed Centre, Krogerupvej 21, DK-3050 Humlebaek, Denmark. Tel.: + 45 49 19 05 00; Fax: + 45 49 16 02 58; email: dfsc@dfsc.dk]
Available at: <http://www.dfsc.dk/Tipuana%20tipu_55_int.pdf>

"Dormancy and pretreatment Unlike most legume seed, the seeds of T. tipu are not hardcoated and normally need no pretreatment to germinate."

8.03

no evidence

8.04

(1)Gutteridge, R. C.1997. The productivity of Tipuana tipu under three cutting regimes in southeast Queensland.Agroforestry Systems, 35:323-328..(2)http://www.lacity.org/BOSS/streettree/TipuanaTipu.htm

(1) The tree legume Tipuana tipu , which has potential as a browse species in subtropical regions, was subjected to three cutting frequency regimes of 6, 8 and 12 week intervals at a cutting height of 1 m. The treatments were started when plants were 3 months old, when they were all cut back to 1 m height before the treatments commenced; the experimental site was at Redland Bat, south Queensland. Cutting at 12-week intervals gave an annual total leaf yield of 4.02 t/ha which was significantly higher than the other two treatments. There was 100% survival of all plants in all treatments over 2 years and the implications of the results for the management of Tipuana tipu in a hedgerow system for fodder production are discussed. (2)tolerates some pruning but no estimate of extent

8.05

no evidence