Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Thunbergia erecta (Meyenia erecta; bush clockvine, king's mantle)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-2

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No clear evidence of naturalization. (1) 'Elsewhere in the Galapagos Islands it is likely to be found in the vicinity of habitations around abandoned farm sites.' (2)It is listed in the Flora of Bhopal (India), does not mention that is cultivated species�

(1)Wiggins, I.L. and Porter, D.M. 1971. Flora of the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press. (2)Oommachan. M. The Flora of Bhopal 1977. J.K. Brothers.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

Native to tropical Africa.

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500160.html

2.02

2.03

(1)Hardiness range 10A - 11. (2)Zones 9-11

(1)http://www.hortpix.com/pc4240.htm (2)http://gardening.50megs.com/sections-n/peren/peren_tw.html

2.04

Native to tropical Africa.

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500160.html

2.05

Introduced to (1)Japan (2)Philippine (3)Galapagos Islands (4)India

(1)Walker. E. H. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the Southern Ryukyu Islands. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D.C. (2)Merrill, e. D. 1923. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants. Manila Bureau of printing. (3)Wiggins, I.L. and Porter, D.M. 1971. Flora of the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press. (4)Oommachan. M. The Flora of Bhopal 1977. J.K. Brothers.

3.01

No clear evidence of naturalization. (1) 'Elsewhere in the Galapagos Islands it is likely to be found in the vicinity of habitations around abandoned farm sites.' (2)It is listed in the Flora of Bhopal (India), but no details given

(1)Wiggins, I.L. and Porter, D.M. 1971. Flora of the Galapagos Islands. Stanford University Press. (2)Oommachan. M. The Flora of Bhopal 1977. J.K. Brothers.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

not known to be invasive in Florida

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/THUEREA.PDF

3.05

(1)Thunbergia alata is a pest in Hawaii. Thunbergia grandiflora is a problem species in Australia and Singapore. (2) T. annua is a principal weed in Sudan.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/thala.htm (2)An electronic atlas of world weeds. CD-ROM database.

4.01

No evidence

http://www.hortpix.com/pc4240.htm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No information

4.05

No evidence

4.06

This site lists 8 species of fungi to be associated with T. erecta. Cercospora thunbergiae: Brunei - 6778
Cercospora thunbergiana: Brunei - 6778
Chaetothyrium sp.: Brunei - 6778
Cladosporium sphaerospermum: Cuba - 8361
Corticium solani: Malaysia - 7282
Glomerella cingulata: Brunei - 6778
Marasmiellus scandens: Malaysia - 7282
Phoma thunbergiae: Cuba - 8361
None of the above listed fungi, through a web search were found to be economically recognized pests.

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.07

No evidence

4.08

No information regarding fire ecology., a low growing shrub, depends on density

4.09

(1)Prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun (2)Requires a fairly sunny position (3)plant grows in part shade/part sun; should be grown in an area of the landscape that receives full sun to partial shade.

(1)http://www.hortpix.com/pc4240.htm (2)http://www.dispatch.co.za/1999/02/06/features/FLOWERS.HTM (3)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/THUEREA.PDF

4.1

acidic; alkaline; sand; loam; clay;

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/THUEREA.PDF

4.11

It is a shrubby vine but no evidence of it having a smothering habit.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Upright, sparingly branching shrub that can reach six feet (2m) in height. (Acanthaceae)

http://www.plantcare.com/catalog/tepPlantPage.php?PlantId=2035&urlSQL
=+where+EntryLabels.SortEntryLabel+LIKE+%27T%25%27+&TotalOffset=53&TotalNum=143

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

No evidence

6.02

Seeds usually not available, propagated from cuttings. No reference to germinable seeds found.

6.03

No information

6.04

No information

6.05

(1) Attracts butterflies (Thunbergia affinis, which is very similar) (2) the flower petals are purple in color with long white corolla tube and conspicuous yellow pollen near the mouth of the tube. Fragrant flowers

(1) http://www.greendealer-exotic-seeds.com/seeds/HowtoButterflies.html (2)http://www.plantcare.com/catalog/tepPlantPage.php?PlantId=2035&urlSQL
=+where+EntryLabels.SortEntryLabel+LIKE+%27T%25%27+&TotalOffset=53&TotalNum=143

6.06

Only when cultivated, grows as a small bush without runners

Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical ornamentals. Timber press. Portland

6.07

No information.

7.01

7.02

It is an attractive plant with fragrant flowers suitable for home gardens hence likely to be intentionally introduced.

http://www.plantcare.com/catalog/tepPlantPage.php?PlantId=2035&urlSQL
=+where+EntryLabels.SortEntryLabel+LIKE+%27T%25%27+&TotalOffset=53&TotalNum=143

7.03

No products associated with this plant

7.04

Fruits "globose" (Thunbergia erecta), fruit a dehiscent capsule, seeds usually forcibly ejected in Acanthaceae

7.05

Not typical near coast.

7.06

Fruits "globose" (Thunbergia erecta), fruit a dehiscent capsule, seeds usually forcibly ejected in Acanthaceae

7.07

Fruits "globose" (Thunbergia erecta), fruit a dehiscent capsule, seeds usually forcibly ejected in Acanthaceae

7.08

No informatiion regarding consumption

8.01

Fruit infrequently formed in cultivation, 2 seeds per fruit

Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical ornamentals. Timber press. Portland

8.02

No information regarding seed viability or seed bank.

8.03

imazapyr (1.87, 2.5 and 3.75 g L-1) killed both the above-ground growth and the tuberous root system (results are for T. grandiflora, which is a more vigorous growing congener)

Haaren, P. van; Vitelli, J.1997. Chemical control of thunbergia (Thunbergia grandiflora ). Plant Protection Quarterly. 12: 29-32

8.04

Commercial landscapers often plant and maintain it as a hedgefor a border. (tolerates frequent pruning)

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/THUEREA.PDF

8.05

Nematodes may be a problem for the Clock Vine.

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/shrubs/THUEREA.PDF