Tetrastigma voinierianum (Baltet) Pierre ex Gagnep. Family - Vitaceae. Common Names(s) - Chestnut Vine, Lizard Plant. Synonym(s) - NA.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

8

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native to Vietnam or Laos (2)This liana of the grape family (Vitaceae), from tropical forests in Laos, has long internodes (to 20 cm) and alternately arranged, palmately compound leaves.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/membgnewsletter/Volume1number3/Plantnovelties.html [Accessed 08 Oct 2008]

2.02

2.03

(1)Hardiness: USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55365/ [Accessed 08 Oct 2008]

2.04

(1)Native to Vietnam or Laos (2)This liana of the grape family (Vitaceae), from tropical forests in Laos, has long internodes (to 20 cm) and alternately arranged, palmately compound leaves.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/membgnewsletter/Volume1number3/Plantnovelties.html [Accessed 08 Oct 2008]

2.05

(1)One species is very widely planted in tropical and subtropical regions for its beautiful fleshy compound leaves.

(1)Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look. An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

3.01

(1)On the Big Island's Hamakua coast above Onomea Bay, T. voinierianum has escaped cultivation and now blankets roadside trees along Pepe`ekeo Scenic Drive.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.02

This vine has the potential to become a more serious forestry or environmental weed [question 3.03 & 3.04], but is still at the early stages of invasion. (1)Tetrastigma voinierianum is the giant of the vines group. Each leaf measures more than 1 ft across when mature - the 3-5 leaflets which male up each leaf are glossy and saw-edged. This plant is a rampant grower in the greenhouse or conservatory - useful if you want to cover a bare wall but a menace if delicate plants are nearby. (2)On the Big Island's Hamakua coast above Onomea Bay, T. voinierianum has escaped cultivation and now blankets roadside trees along Pepe`ekeo Scenic Drive.

(1)http://www.gflora.com/index.php?cmd=genus_body&genus_id=264 [Accessed 09 Oct 2008] (2)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (3)Frohlich, D. and A. Lau. 2007. New plant records from O‘ahu for 2006. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2006. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 96:8-13.

3.03

(1)On the Big Island's Hamakua coast above Onomea Bay, T. voinierianum has escaped cultivation and now blankets roadside trees along Pepe`ekeo Scenic Drive. [potentially a weed of forestry if it smothers trees]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.04

(1)On the Big Island's Hamakua coast above Onomea Bay, T. voinierianum has escaped cultivation and now blankets roadside trees along Pepe`ekeo Scenic Drive. [potentially an environmental weed]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

3.05

(1)Potentially T. pubinerve

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/tetrastigma_pubinerve/ [Accessed 09 Oct 2008]

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1)Tetrastigma species are the hosts for the parasitic plant, Rafflesia, which has the largest flower in the world.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1)Poisonous: No (2)No evidence from genus

(1)http://www.plantcare.ca/plants/91.html [Accessed 09 Oct 2008] (2)Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look. An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)Poisonous: No (2)No evidence from genus

(1)http://www.plantcare.ca/plants/91.html [Accessed 09 Oct 2008] (2)Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look. An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

4.08

Unknown [it might be possible that smothering vines provide a continuous fuel load and ladder to carry fire into tree canopy]

4.09

(1)This species thrives in deep shade

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.10

(1)It is not particular as to soil but appreciates one amended with humus.

(1)Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look. An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

4.11

(1)Vigorous vine

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

(1)Vigorous vine

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Vitaceae

5.03

Vitaceae

5.04

(1)No evidence

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.01

No evidence (1)Native to Vietnam or Laos (2)This liana of the grape family (Vitaceae), from tropical forests in Laos, has long internodes (to 20 cm) and alternately arranged, palmately compound leaves.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/membgnewsletter/Volume1number3/Plantnovelties.html [Accessed 08 Oct 2008]

6.02

Although it has not been reported to produce seed in the Hawaiian Islands, this species does produce seed and could become much more invasive if female plants are inadvertently or intentionally introduced (1)To date, only male plants have been observed in Hawaii, so apparently no seed is being produced.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1)Dioecious woody climbers

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.05

(1)The small flowers secrete nectar from the disc and often are fragrant and usually entomophilous. [Family description]

(1)Zomlefer, W.B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC.

6.06

(1)The vine climbs by thick stout coiling tendrils, but it also sprawls along the ground, rooting at the stem nodes

(1)Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look. An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

6.07

(1)Giant vine with 3-5-lobbed leaves. Fast grower (can grow 5-9 ft in a year). [probably can reproduce, at least vegetatively, in less than 2-3 years]

(1)http://www.gflora.com/zen-cart/index.php?main_page=product_info&products_id=283 [Accessed 09 Oct 2008]

7.01

(1)It requires vigorous pruning in order to keep it in bounds. [cuttings capable of rooting at nodes, could be accidentally spread vegetatively] (2)The vine climbs by thick stout coiling tendrils, but it also sprawls along the ground, rooting at the stem nodes [possible that plant cuttings could be inadvertently spread and root at nodes]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look. An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

7.02

(1)It is a very vigorous high climbing liana that is used as much for groundcover as it is for a vine. [ornamental]

(1)Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look. An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

7.03

No evidence

7.04

(1)Fruit: Fruit a 2-4 seeded berry. (2)The small yellowish flowers are in rounded clusters and give way to small black berries.

(1)http://msuplants.com/pd.asp?pid=3705 [Accessed 09 Oct 2008] (2)Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look. An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

7.05

Unknown

7.06

(1)Fruit: Fruit a 2-4 seeded berry. (2)The small yellowish flowers are in rounded clusters and give way to small black berries.

(1)http://msuplants.com/pd.asp?pid=3705 [Accessed 09 Oct 2008] (2)Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look. An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

7.07

No means of external attachment

7.08

(1)Fruit: Fruit a 2-4 seeded berry. (2)The small yellowish flowers are in rounded clusters and give way to small black berries.

(1)http://msuplants.com/pd.asp?pid=3705 [Accessed 09 Oct 2008] (2)Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look. An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

8.01

(1)Fruit a globose or ellipsoid berry. Seeds 1-4 [genus description]...To date, only male plants have been observed in Hawaii, so apparently no seed is being produced.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

8.02

Unknown [seed bank longevity not reported]

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1)The following collection is from Waimea Botanical Garden on O‘ahu, where park staff are working to remove the species. It has spread through the understory and has been difficult to control, often resprouting from root suckers. (2)It requires vigorous pruning in order to keep it in bounds. (3)Can die down to ground in a frost but recovers quickly in late spring.

(1)Frohlich, D. and A. Lau. 2007. New plant records from O‘ahu for 2006. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucias G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2006. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 96:8-13. (2)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (3)http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?plant_id=1747 [Accessed 09 Oct 2008]

8.05

Unknown