Tetrastigma pubinerve Merrill & W. Y. Chun Family - Vitaceae. Common Names(s) - NA. Synonym(s) - .

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

8

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)native to Hainan, China (2)Hainan has a tropical moist monsoonal climate.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan#Climate [Accessed 08 Oct 2008]

2.02

2.03

(1)native to Hainan, China (2)Hainan has a tropical moist monsoonal climate.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan#Climate [Accessed 08 Oct 2008]

2.04

(1)This is a new record for the genus Tetrastigma in the Hawaiian Islands, the only other naturalized Vitaceae being species of Cissus (Wagner et al., 1999: 1342, 1898). Although Maui Pineapple Co. records show the area as one of historic plantings of exotic species, T. pubinerve does not appear on any map or list of taxa. There are specimens at BISH from cultivated plants (Staples, Heywood, et al. 581, O‘ahu; Flynn & Hume 1648, Kaua‘i). It is a high-climbing liana with palmately lobed leaves; fleshy fruits are red to orange, globose, about 5–8 mm in dia. Although a complete survey of the area has not yet been made, the known infestation covers approximately 4 acres, where it climbs into the canopy of mixed non-native trees, sometimes smothering them.

(1)Oppenheimer, H. L. and R. T. Bartlett. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O‘ahu, and the Hawai‘i Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 64:1-10.

2.05

3.01

(1)This is a new record for the genus Tetrastigma in the Hawaiian Islands, the only other naturalized Vitaceae being species of Cissus (Wagner et al., 1999: 1342, 1898). Although Maui Pineapple Co. records show the area as one of historic plantings of exotic species, T. pubinerve does not appear on any map or list of taxa. There are specimens at BISH from cultivated plants (Staples, Heywood, et al. 581, O‘ahu; Flynn & Hume 1648, Kaua‘i). It is a high-climbing liana with palmately lobed leaves; fleshy fruits are red to orange, globose, about 5–8 mm in dia. Although a complete survey of the area has not yet been made, the known infestation covers approximately 4 acres, where it climbs into the canopy of mixed non-native trees, sometimes smothering them.

(1)Oppenheimer, H. L. and R. T. Bartlett. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O‘ahu, and the Hawai‘i Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 64:1-10.

3.02

This vine has the potential to become a more serious forestry or environmental weed [question 3.03 & 3.04], but is still at the early stages of invasion. Preliminary control has been undertaken to prevent its further spread. (1)This is a new record for the genus Tetrastigma in the Hawaiian Islands, the only other naturalized Vitaceae being species of Cissus (Wagner et al., 1999: 1342, 1898). Although Maui Pineapple Co. records show the area as one of historic plantings of exotic species, T. pubinerve does not appear on any map or list of taxa. There are specimens at BISH from cultivated plants (Staples, Heywood, et al. 581, O‘ahu; Flynn & Hume 1648, Kaua‘i). It is a high-climbing liana with palmately lobed leaves; fleshy fruits are red to orange, globose, about 5–8 mm in dia. Although a complete survey of the area has not yet been made, the known infestation covers approximately 4 acres, where it climbs into the canopy of mixed non-native trees, sometimes smothering them. (2)Tetrastigma pubinerve, there’s huge vine off Likelike. We’re still working on the best control method. Garlon didn’t work well as a systemic. It’s also at Koko Head. Once we figure out the best spray, we’ll hit it.

(1)Oppenheimer, H. L. and R. T. Bartlett. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O‘ahu, and the Hawai‘i Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 64:1-10. (2)http://www.hear.org/oisc/pdfs/20060724oiscmeetingminutes.pdf [Accessed 09 Oct 2008]

3.03

(1)This is a new record for the genus Tetrastigma in the Hawaiian Islands, the only other naturalized Vitaceae being species of Cissus (Wagner et al., 1999: 1342, 1898). Although Maui Pineapple Co. records show the area as one of historic plantings of exotic species, T. pubinerve does not appear on any map or list of taxa. There are specimens at BISH from cultivated plants (Staples, Heywood, et al. 581, O‘ahu; Flynn & Hume 1648, Kaua‘i). It is a high-climbing liana with palmately lobed leaves; fleshy fruits are red to orange, globose, about 5–8 mm in dia. Although a complete survey of the area has not yet been made, the known infestation covers approximately 4 acres, where it climbs into the canopy of mixed non-native trees, sometimes smothering them. [a potential weed of forestry if this species smothers economically important trees]

(1)Oppenheimer, H. L. and R. T. Bartlett. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O‘ahu, and the Hawai‘i Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 64:1-10.

3.04

(1)Although a complete survey of the area has not yet been made, the known infestation covers approximately 4 acres, where it climbs into the canopy of mixed non-native trees, sometimes smothering them [Potential environmental weed but still in early stage of invasion].

(1)Oppenheimer, H. L. and R. T. Bartlett. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O‘ahu, and the Hawai‘i Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 64:1-10.

3.05

(1)Potentially T. voinierianum

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/tetrastigma_voinierianum/ [Accessed 09 Oct 2008]

4.01

No evidence (1)Lianas, woody. Branchlets terete, with longitudinal ridges, transversely corrugated when dry, pubescent, then glabrescent; tendrils unbranched. Leaves pedately 5-foliolate; petiole 4– 10.5(–15) cm; central petiolule 1–2.5 cm, petiolules of lateral leaflet complex 1–2.5 cm, lateral petiolules 0.5–2 cm, transversely corrugated when dry, sparsely pubescent, then glabrescent; leaflets only pubescent abaxially on veins, then glabrescent, lateral veins 7–9 pairs, veinlets raised abaxially; central leaflet elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 12–25 × 4–7 cm, base broadly cuneate, margin 6–8-toothed on each side, apex acute or acuminate; lateral leaflets ovate-lanceolate or ovate-elliptic, 6–20 × 2.5–7 cm, base cuneate or subrounded, margin 4–7-toothed on each side, apex acute, acuminate, or obtuse. Inflorescence umbelliform, axillary, with nodes and bracts at lower portion; peduncle 1.3–2 cm, pubescent. Pedicel (2–)3–4 mm, pubescent. Buds obovoid, 2.5–3.5 mm, apex subtruncate. Calyx shallow and saucer-shaped, papillose, teeth inconspicuous. Petals elliptic, 2–3 mm, apex corniculate, papillose. Anthers yellow, elliptic. Disk inconspicuous and annular in female flowers. Ovary ovoid, lower part of ovary adnate to disk; style inconspicuous; stigma 4-lobed. Berry globose, 1–1.2 cm in diam., 2(or 3)-seeded. Seeds obovoid, base sharp, apex retuse, ventral holes furrowed upward from middle to apex. Fl. Jun, fr. Aug– Dec.

(1)Hui, R. and Wen, J. 2007. TETRASTIGMA. Flora of China 12: 195–208. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china//PDF/PDF12/Tetrastigma.pdf [Accessed 08 Oct 2008]

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1)Tetrastigma species are the hosts for the parasitic plant, Rafflesia, which has the largest flower in the world.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1)Poisonous: No (2)No evidence from genus

(1)http://www.plantcare.ca/plants/91.html [Accessed 09 Oct 2008] (2)Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look. An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)Poisonous: No (2)No evidence from genus

(1)http://www.plantcare.ca/plants/91.html [Accessed 09 Oct 2008] (2)Riffle, R.L. 1998. The Tropical Look. An Encyclopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

4.08

Unknown [it might be possible that smothering vines provide a continuous fuel load and ladder to carry fire into tree canopy]

4.09

(1)This climber thrives in hot, sunny conditions and can drape a tree or fence, forming a dense screen of glossy foliage.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.10

Unknown

4.11

(1)It is a high-climbing liana with palmately lobed leaves;...Although a complete survey of the area has not yet been made, the known infestation covers approximately 4 acres, where it climbs into the canopy of mixed non-native trees, sometimes smothering them.

(1)Oppenheimer, H. L. and R. T. Bartlett. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O‘ahu, and the Hawai‘i Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 64:1-10.

4.12

Yes to 4.11

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Vitaceae

5.03

Vitaceae

5.04

(1)No evidence

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Hui, R. and Wen, J. 2007. TETRASTIGMA. Flora of China 12: 195–208. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china//PDF/PDF12/Tetrastigma.pdf [Accessed 08 Oct 2008]

6.02

(1)Easily propagated by cuttings, layering or seed.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Reference 2 suggests that bisexual flowers may be present on the same plant, which could account for this species ability to produce fruit in the Hawaiian Islands (1)Dioecious woody climbers (2)Climbers, woody, rarely herbaceous, usually polygamo-dioecious...Petals elliptic, 2–3 mm, apex corniculate, papillose. Anthers yellow, elliptic. Disk inconspicuous and annular in female flowers. Ovary ovoid, lower part of ovary adnate to disk; style inconspicuous; stigma 4-lobed.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Hui, R. and Wen, J. 2007. TETRASTIGMA. Flora of China 12: 195–208. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china//PDF/PDF12/Tetrastigma.pdf [Accessed 08 Oct 2008]

6.05

(1)The small flowers secrete nectar from the disc and often are fragrant and usually entomophilous. [Family description]

(1)Zomlefer, W.B. 1994. Guide to Flowering Plant Families. The University of North Carolina Press. Chapel Hill, NC.

6.06

(1)Seed, spread by birds; also vegetatively

(1)Staples, G. W., D.Herbst and C.T. Imada. 2000. Survey of invasive or potentially invasive cultivated plants in Hawai‘i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers No. 65. 35 pp.

6.07

(1)Several Tetrastigma species are grown as ornamentals; because of their vigorous growth they are used chiefly as screening plants [probably reached reproductive maturity in <2-3 years]

(1)Staples, G. W., D.Herbst and C.T. Imada. 2000. Survey of invasive or potentially invasive cultivated plants in Hawai‘i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers No. 65. 35 pp.

7.01

(1)Seed, spread by birds; also vegetatively [possible that plant cuttings could be inadvertently spread and root at nodes]

(1)Staples, G. W., D.Herbst and C.T. Imada. 2000. Survey of invasive or potentially invasive cultivated plants in Hawai‘i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers No. 65. 35 pp.

7.02

(1)Several Tetrastigma species are grown as ornamentals

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.03

No evidence

7.04

(1)fleshy fruits are red to orange, globose, about 5–8 mm in dia. (2)Seed, spread by birds; also vegetatively

(1)Oppenheimer, H. L. and R. T. Bartlett. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O‘ahu, and the Hawai‘i Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 64:1-10. (2)Staples, G. W., D.Herbst and C.T. Imada. 2000. Survey of invasive or potentially invasive cultivated plants in Hawai‘i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers No. 65. 35 pp.

7.05

Unknown

7.06

(1)fleshy fruits are red to orange, globose, about 5–8 mm in dia. (2)Seed, spread by birds; also vegetatively

(1)Oppenheimer, H. L. and R. T. Bartlett. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O‘ahu, and the Hawai‘i Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 64:1-10. (2)Staples, G. W., D.Herbst and C.T. Imada. 2000. Survey of invasive or potentially invasive cultivated plants in Hawai‘i. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers No. 65. 35 pp.

7.07

(1)fleshy fruits are red to orange, globose, about 5–8 mm in dia. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Oppenheimer, H. L. and R. T. Bartlett. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O‘ahu, and the Hawai‘i Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 64:1-10.

7.08

(1)fleshy fruits are red to orange, globose, about 5–8 mm in dia.

(1)Oppenheimer, H. L. and R. T. Bartlett. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O‘ahu, and the Hawai‘i Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 64:1-10.

8.01

(1)fleshy fruits are red to orange, globose, about 5–8 mm in dia. (2)Fruit a globose or ellipsoid berry. Seeds 1-4 [genus description…unlikely to produce such high seed densities with relatively large, few-seeded fruit]

(1)Oppenheimer, H. L. and R. T. Bartlett. 2000. New plant records from Maui, O‘ahu, and the Hawai‘i Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 64:1-10. (2)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1)It requires vigorous pruning in order to keep it in bounds [description for T. voinierianum, but habit and biology are similar to T. pubinerve]

(1)Staples, G. W. and D.R. Herbst. 2005. A tropical garden flora: plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

8.05

Unknown