Terminalia mantaly H. Perrier Family - Combretaceae. Common Names(s) - Madagascar almond, Terminalia, Umbrella tree. Synonym(s) - Terminalia bentzoe ssp. Bentzoe

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3+

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Species native to Madagascar, now pantropical, planted in towns for shade.

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

2.02

(1)Species native to Madagascar, now pantropical, planted in towns for shade.

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

2.03

(1)Climate: tropical (2)Temperat. requir. Optimal Min 20 Max 28; Absolute Min 15 Max 36 (3)Tolerant of wider range of zone conditions [COASTAL BELOW 1000 m; SEMI-ARID GENERALLY BELOW 2000 m; UPLAND BEST AT 1600 m AND ABOVE; environmental versatility]

(1)Terminalia mantaly H. Perrier. http://www.virboga.de/Terminalia_mantaly.htm [Accessed 19 Feb 2010] (2)Terminalia mantaly. Data Sheet. http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/dataSheet?id=355155 [Accessed 19 Feb 2010] (3)Data on a Selection of Important and Recommended Species. http://www.outremer.total.com/os/content/NT00045D0E.pdf [Accessed 19 Feb 2010]

2.04

(1)Species native to Madagascar, now pantropical, planted in towns for shade.

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

2.05

(1)Species native to Madagascar, now pantropical, planted in towns for shade. (2)Geographic distribution Native : Madagascar Exotic : Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France. (2)Terminalia mantaly. AgroForestryTree Database. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1623 [Accessed 19 Feb 2010]

3.01

(1)Two other species show excellent potential: Albizia saman ranked 1 in every category, and Terminalia mantaly ranked 3. This is a naturalized species originally from Madagascar and commonly planted in the Tabora region, mainly as an ornamental.

(1)Bunderson, W. T., R. Mkufya and D. D. Mbaruku. Tree Trial at TumbiI Agricultural Research Station, Tabora Tanzania: Year 1 Results. http://www.totallandcare.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=fm26PNHtffw%3D&tabid=68&mid=385 [Accessed 19 Feb 2010]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamet.htm [Accessed 19 Feb 2010]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamet.htm [Accessed 19 Feb 2010]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamet.htm [Accessed 19 Feb 2010]

3.05

(1)Terminalia oblongata is listed as a 'Principal' weed in Australia. [no evidence of impacts] (2)Category II - Invasive exotics that have increased in abundance or frequency but have not yet altered Florida plant communities to the extent shown by Category I species. These species may become ranked Category I, if ecological damage is demonstrated. [list includes T. catappa] (3)Terminala catappa...Treatment: Basal with 10% Garlon 4 or stump with 50% Garlon 3A [being controlled]

(1)Holm, L. G., Pancho, Juan V., Herberger, James, P. and Plucknett, Donald L. 1991. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Krieger Publishing Company. Malabar, FL. . (2)FLEPPC. 2005. List of Florida's Invasive Species. Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council. Internet: http://www.fleppc.org/05list.htm (3)Hadden, K., K. Frank & Chuck Byrd. 2005. Identification Guide For Invasive Exotic Plants of the Florida Keys 2005-2006. The Nature Conservancy. http://www.dep.state.fl.us/lands/invaspec/2ndlevpgs/pdfs/Keys%20Invasives%20ID%20Guide%202005.pdf

4.01

(1)Tree, 10-15(-20) m high, with straight bole, characteristic habit with the branches arranged horizontally in tiers or as an inverted cone, with the leaves set at the end of the branches.

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

4.02

(1)The dominant tree was Tamarindus indica, but species such as Acacia rovumae, Ficus soroceoides, Terminalia mantaly, Quivisianthe papinae, and Vitex beraviensis were also relatively common [no evidence that species is allelopathic within native range]

(1)Kelley, E. A., R. W. Sussman, and K. M. Muldoon. 2007. The Status of Lemur Species at Antserananomby: An Update. Primate Conservation 22: 71–77

4.03

(1)Tree, 10-15(-20) m high, with straight bole, characteristic habit with the branches arranged horizontally in tiers or as an inverted cone, with the leaves set at the end of the branches.

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

4.04

(1)Leaves Used as fresh fodder in urban zones. (2)Table 5.1. List of plant species and items consumed by ringtail lemurs in Berenty, Antserananomby, and Beza-Mahafaly [diet includes leaves of unknown maturity, flower buds, and sap of T. mantaly]

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France. (2)Jolly, A. 2006. Ringtailed lemur biology: Lemur catta in Madagascar. Springer, New York.

4.05

(1)Leaves Used as fresh fodder in urban zones [no evidence of toxicity to animals]. (2)Table 5.1. List of plant species and items consumed by ringtail lemurs in Berenty, Antserananomby, and Beza-Mahafaly [diet includes leaves of unknown maturity, flower buds, and sap of T. mantaly]

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)Products Tannin or dyestuff: In its native habitat, the bark and wood are used for dyeing. Medicine: The bark and wood are used in Madagascar for treating dysentery. Services Shade or shelter: An excellent spreading shade tree. Ornamental: Widely planted as a street and shade tree in Nairobi, Kenya, and as far as the coast. [commonly used tree with no evidence of toxicity]

(1)Terminalia mantaly. AgroForestryTree Database. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1623 [Accessed 19 Feb 2010]

4.08

(1)It thrives in tropophyllic forests on sandy ground, especially near rivers. [no evidence of increased fire risk within native habitat]

(1)Gurib-Fakim, A. and T. Brendler. 2004. Medicinal and aromatic plants of Indian Ocean islands: Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles and Mascarenes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

4.09

(1)Sun Tolerance: Full Sun

(1)PlantWerkz. http://plantwerkz.blogspot.com/2009/04/madagascar-almond-terminalia-mantaly.html [Accessed 19 Feb 2010]

4.10

(1)On any type of soil, but prefers moist soils and riverbanks.

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

4.11

(1)Tree, 10-15(-20) m high, with straight bole, characteristic habit with the branches arranged horizontally in tiers or as an inverted cone, with the leaves set at the end of the branches.

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

4.12

(1)No evidence (2)No evidence (3)No evidence

(1)Terminalia mantaly H. Perrier. http://www.virboga.de/Terminalia_mantaly.htm [Accessed 19 Feb 2010] (2)Terminalia mantaly. Data Sheet. http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/dataSheet?id=355155 [Accessed 19 Feb 2010] (3)Data on a Selection of Important and Recommended Species. http://www.outremer.total.com/os/content/NT00045D0E.pdf [Accessed 19 Feb 2010]

5.01

(1)Combretaceae

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

5.02

(1)Combretaceae

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

5.03

(1)Combretaceae

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

5.04

(1)Tree, 10-15(-20) m high, with straight bole, characteristic habit with the branches arranged horizontally in tiers or as an inverted cone, with the leaves set at the end of the branches.

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

6.02

(1)Propagation methods Since the tree rarely flowers at high altitudes, seed is collected from trees in hotter, low areas. Can be propagated from seedlings. Before sowing, the wing is removed from the seed, which is then soaked in cold water for 24 hours.

(1)Terminalia mantaly. AgroForestryTree Database. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1623 [Accessed 19 Feb 2010]

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1)Terminalias are predominantly outcrossing and sexual recombination and segregation, together with mutations, and acted on by natural selection, are the sources of inter- as well as intraspecific variation in this genus. In some cases within-species variation appears so great that more than one species may be involved. [probably not]

(1)Srivastav, P.K. 1993. Pollination mechanisms in genus Terminalia Linn. Ind. For. 119(7):147-150.

6.05

(1)Probably not - "Abstract: Studies on the pollination mechanisms of four species of genus Terminalia Linn. conducted at Central Tasar Research Training Institute, Ranchi revealed that pollination is entormophillous. Out of 22 insect pollinators collected a maximum number belonged to Lepidoptera (6), Diptera (6) and Hymenoptera (6) and bees play very important role in pollination."

(1)Srivastav, P.K. 1993. Pollination mechanisms in genus Terminalia Linn. Ind. For. 119(7):147-150.

6.06

(1)Propagation methods Since the tree rarely flowers at high altitudes, seed is collected from trees in hotter, low areas. Can be propagated from seedlings. Before sowing, the wing is removed from the seed, which is then soaked in cold water for 24 hours. [no evidence of vegetative spread]

(1)Terminalia mantaly. AgroForestryTree Database. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1623 [Accessed 19 Feb 2010]

6.07

(1)T. mantaly is a fast-growing species on good sites. (2)Growth Rate: Fast [fast growth rate, but as a large tree, probably 3+ years]

(1)Terminalia mantaly. AgroForestryTree Database. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1623 [Accessed 19 Feb 2010] (2)PlantWerkz. http://plantwerkz.blogspot.com/2009/04/madagascar-almond-terminalia-mantaly.html [Accessed 19 Feb 2010]

7.01

(1)Fruit a drupe, 12-22 mm long and 6-10 mm across, more or less fleshy, spindle-shaped, flat, without edges or wings, irregularly wrinkled when ripe. [no evidence and no means of external attachment]

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

7.02

(1)Shade or shelter: An excellent spreading shade tree. Ornamental: Widely planted as a street and shade tree in Nairobi, Kenya, and as far as the coast.

(1)Terminalia mantaly. AgroForestryTree Database. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1623 [Accessed 19 Feb 2010]

7.03

(1)Fruit a drupe, 12-22 mm long and 6-10 mm across, more or less fleshy, spindle-shaped, flat, without edges or wings, irregularly wrinkled when ripe. [no evidence and unlikely given large fruit size]

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

7.04

(1)Fruit a drupe, 12-22 mm long and 6-10 mm across, more or less fleshy, spindle-shaped, flat, without edges or wings, irregularly wrinkled when ripe.

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

7.05

(1)It thrives in tropophyllic forests on sandy ground, especially near rivers [possibly water dispersed, given distribution]. (2)Forests on alluvial soil and alongside watercourses have been almost totally destroyed, initially by clearing for crops, and then, after invasion by savannah grasses, by repeated fires during the dry season. The rare remnants have a high forest of 25 to 30 m containing both deciduous (Canarum multiflorum and Khaya madagascariensis) and evergreen (Eugenia sakalavanum) species. Terminalia mantaly, T. tricristata, Ficus sakalavanum, Albizia bernieri and A. boinensis are also found here. Two large palms, Medemia nobilis and Borassus madagascariensis, and Treculia perrieri are part of these formations. Undergrowth is sparse or absent.

(1)Gurib-Fakim, A. and T. Brendler. 2004. Medicinal and aromatic plants of Indian Ocean islands: Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles and Mascarenes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. (2)Forest types in Madagascar. http://www.wildmadagascar.org/overview/forest_types.html [Accessed 22 Feb 2010]

7.06

(1)Fruit a drupe, 12-22 mm long and 6-10 mm across, more or less fleshy, spindle-shaped, flat, without edges or wings, irregularly wrinkled when ripe. [possibly, but no evidence in literature of any type of bird dispersal; only sifakas mentioned as consuming fruits]

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

7.07

(1)Table VII. Time spent feeding on top 5 foods (cumulative for year) [Sifakas eat T. mantaly mature leaves and fruits…probably disperse seeds, but whether internally or externally is unknown]

(1)Yamashita, N. 2002. Diets of Two Lemur Species in Different Microhabitats in Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar. International Journal of Primatology 23(5): 1025-1051.

7.08

(1)Table II. List of plant species and items consumed by the three prosimian species [Propithecus verreauxi, sifakas, consume flowers and unripe fruit of Terminalia mantaly; unknown whether mature seeds survive gut passage]

(1)Simmen, B., A. Hladik and P. Ramasiarisoa. 2003. Food Intake and Dietary Overlap in Native Lemur catta and Propithecus verreauxi and Introduced Eulemur fulvus at Berenty, Southern Madagascar. International Journal of Primatology 24(5): 949-968.

8.01

(1)Fruit a drupe, 12-22 mm long and 6-10 mm across, more or less fleshy, spindle-shaped, flat, without edges or wings, irregularly wrinkled when ripe [not likely, given fairly large seed size]

(1)Arbonnier, M. 2004. Trees, shrubs, and lianas of West African dry zones. Editions Quae, France.

8.02

(1)Storage Behaviour: Orthodox p Storage Conditions: 76% viability following drying to mc's in equilibrium with 15% RH and freezing for 1 month at -20°C at RBG Kew, WP [seed longevity and persistence in seedbank unknown]

(1)Liu, K., Eastwood, R.J., Flynn, S., Turner, R.M., and Stuppy, W.H. 2008. Seed Information Database (release 7.1, May 2008) http://www.kew.org/data/sid

8.03

Unknown [no information on control]

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown