Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Tephrosia candida (hoang pea, white tephrosia, white hoary pea)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

8

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

'T. candida is a shrub 2-3 m tall, thought to be indigenous to Malaysia, and has been introduced and become naturalized in many parts of the tropics, including: Vietnam, Bhutan, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, New Zealand, Philippines, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

'T. candida is a shrub 2-3 m tall, thought to be indigenous to Malaysia, and has been introduced and become naturalized in many parts of the tropics, including: Vietnam, Bhutan, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, New Zealand, Philippines, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

'T. candida is a shrub 2-3 m tall, thought to be indigenous to Malaysia, and has been introduced and become naturalized in many parts of the tropics, including: Vietnam, Bhutan, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, New Zealand, Philippines, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.03

(1) 'Approximate limits north to south: 23°N to 10°S' - Altitude range: 0 - 1200 m (2) 0-1650 m, It grows in the seasonally dry tropics and does not tolerate frost or waterlogging (3)Annual rainfall: White tephrosia requires 700mm to 2500mm. It tolerates waterlogging. (4)recommended for humid tropics (5)along gravelly riverbanks and courses 480-2000 ft

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/ (3)http://www.hdra.org.uk/pdfs/international_programme/TGM16-White_tephrosia.pdf (4)http://cstaf.ifas.ufl.edu/nftguide.pdf (5)Adams, G.D. 1970. Flowering plants of Jamaica. Uniiversity of the West Indies, Mona.

2.04

'T. candida is a shrub 2-3 m tall, thought to be indigenous to Malaysia, and has been introduced and become naturalized in many parts of the tropics, including: Vietnam, Bhutan, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, New Zealand, Philippines, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

Introduced to Africa: Benin, Congo Democratic Republic, Malawi, Nigeria
Hawai‘i, Jamaica

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.01

'T. candida is a shrub 2-3 m tall, thought to be indigenous to Malaysia, and has been introduced and become naturalized in many parts of the tropics, including: Vietnam, Bhutan, Myanmar, India, Sri Lanka, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, New Zealand, Philippines, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico.'

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

T. uniflora is listed as a principal weed in Sudan.

Holm et al. 1997. An Electronic Atlas of weeds and invasive speceis. CD-ROM database. Version 1.

4.01

No evidence of any such characters.

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/tephrosia_candida.htm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

(1)"it is not eaten by domestic animals such as buffaloes and goats." (2)leaves used as animal feed but cattle sometimes avoid it, perhaps because at least part of the plant is poisonous (3)Cattle avoid the plant.

(1)Oyen, L.P.A., 2003. Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) DC.. [Internet] Record number 3046 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 04 February 2004. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/ (3)http://www.hdra.org.uk/pdfs/international_programme/TGM16-White_tephrosia.pdf

4.05

'Fennah (1938, 1942) observed that the tropical le-gume Tephrosia candida DC contains a toxic principlein its seeds, stems, roots, and leaves. He also observed the plant was unattractive to adult Diaprepes rootweevils. Species of Tephrosia are known to be sourcesof a number of compounds with toxic and deterrentactivitytoward insects.' [no evidence of poisoning in grazing animals]

http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:i_U7gHm24QcJ:esa.edoc.com/
economic/v96n3/v96n3p811.pdf+Tephrosia+candida&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

4.06

(1) "The flowers and fruits are susceptible to damage from Maruca vitrata (Chan Dang Dinh, 1982)."
(2) AB: The use pattern of alternative host plants by M. vitrata was investigated in southern and central Benin (1992-95). Among the wild host plants, Pterocarpus santalinoides, Pueraria phaseoloides and Centrosema pubescens were found to be key relay hosts during the long dry season, whereas Lonchocarpus sericeus and L. cyanescens were the most important hosts during the main rainy season. Tephrosia platycarpa was an essential relay host during the short wet season. Cowpea was the major cultivated host plant and can sustain M. vitrata throughout the year. However, this pest was able to maintain high population levels exclusively on wild hosts without needing to switch to cultivated crops. The relevance of these findings and their implications for the control of M. vitrata are discussed. [Maruca vitrata is a recognized quarantine pest specilized on legume hosts]

(2) Arodokoun, D. Y.; Tamò, M.; Cloutier, C.; Adeoti, R. (2003) Importance of alternative host plants for the annual cycle of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Southern and Central Benin. Insect Science and its Application, 2003, Vol.23, No.2, pp.103-113, 44 ref.

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Unlikely -- (1)Evergreen, green manure, grows in wet areas (2)Shrubby herb with a woody base

(1)http://www.hdra.org.uk/pdfs/international_programme/TGM16-White_tephrosia.pdf (2)http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume10/Fabaceae-MO-various_edited.htm

4.09

(1)"The habitat of Tephrosia candida is primary and secondary forest, higher locations in sago palm swamps and disturbed places such as roadsides, river banks, steep slopes and fields." [ocurs in primary forest species] (2)Tolerates light shade

(1)Oyen, L.P.A., 2003. Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) DC.. [Internet] Record number 3046 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 04 February 2004. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/

4.1

(1)Soil texture: light; medium
- Soil drainage:
- Soil reaction: very acid; acid; neutral
- Special soil tolerances: infertile (2)Grown on sandy soils in coastal areas and on very poor, eroded upland soils and mine spoils where few other crops can grow. (3)It tolerates a wide range of soils, pH 5.0 to 8.0.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://ecocrop.fao.org/ (3)http://www.hdra.org.uk/pdfs/international_programme/TGM16-White_tephrosia.pdf

4.11

Not climbing

http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/3213.shtml

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Terrestrial

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.02

A 2 to 3 m tall shrub. Ability to fix nitrogen

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.03

A 2 to 3 m tall shrub. Ability to fix nitrogen

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.04

A 2 to 3 m tall shrub. Ability to fix nitrogen

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.01

No evidence

6.02

Stand establishment using natural regeneration; direct sowing

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.03

No evidence

6.04

No evidence

6.05

typical pea flowers [bee pollinated]

http://www.shop.sunshine-seeds.de/images/big/Tep_can.jpg

6.06

Propagation: Seed

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/tephrosia_candida.htm

6.07

lifespan 3-7 years [must be capable of fruiting in 2nd year]

http://ecocrop.fao.org/

7.01

no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.02

Widely cultivated as a fish poison and cover crop

http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/3213.shtml

7.03

relatively large propagule. (1) 'Pods 6-10 cm x 0.8-0.9 cm, densely clothed with rusty, occasionally grey hairs. … Seeds speckled black, with prominent white hilum.' (2) T. candida fruits have a thin dry pericarp, varying in colour from light brown to dark brown, with nine seeds on average per fruit. The seed is campylotropous and reniform.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/tephrosia_candida.htm
 (2)ET: Morphological study of fruits and seeds of tefrósia (Tephrosia candida - Papilionoideae) in Central Amazon.
FT: Estudo morfológico de frutos e sementes de tefrósia (Tephrosia candida DC. - Papilionoideae) na Amazônia Central.
AU: Oliveira, A. N. de; Queiroz, M. S. de M.; Ramos, M. B. P.
SO: Revista Brasileira de Sementes, 2000, Vol.22, No.2, pp.193-199, 26 ref.

7.04

legume with relatively large seeds. (1) 'Pods 6-10 cm x 0.8-0.9 cm, densely clothed with rusty, occasionally grey hairs. … Seeds speckled black, with prominent white hilum.' (2) T. candida fruits have a thin dry pericarp, varying in colour from light brown to dark brown, with nine seeds on average per fruit. The seed is campylotropous and reniform.

7.05

along gravelly riverbanks and courses 480-2000 ft [could easily be water dispersed]

Adams, G.D. 1970. Flowering plants of Jamaica. Uniiversity of the West Indies, Mona.

7.06

Probably not - Pods 6-10 cm x 0.8-0.9 cm, densely clothed with rusty, occasionally grey hairs. … Seeds speckled black, with prominent white hilum

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/tephrosia_candida.htm

7.07

no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.08

Tephrosia seed treatment - nicking or hot water [indicates hard seed coat but not eaten by grazing animals]

http://cstaf.ifas.ufl.edu/nftguide.pdf

8.01

(1) 'Pods 6-10 cm x 0.8-0.9 cm, densely clothed with rusty, occasionally grey hairs. … Seeds speckled black, with prominent while hilum.' (2) T. candida fruits have a thin dry pericarp, varying in colour from light brown to dark brown, with nine seeds on average per fruit. The seed is campylotropous and reniform.
(3) Pod linear, 7—12 cm x 0.5—1 cm, green or brown with silky hairs, slightly convex around the 10—15 seeds. Seed broadly ovoid, 4—5.5 mm x 3—4 mm, brown or greyish-brown with dark patches. When broadcasting, a plant density of 50 000—60 000 per ha is aimed at, requiring 15—20 kg seed. [about 3 seeds/gram, relatively large]

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/tephrosia_candida.htm (2)ET: Morphological study of fruits and seeds of tefrósia (Tephrosia candida - Papilionoideae) in Central Amazon.
FT: Estudo morfológico de frutos e sementes de tefrósia (Tephrosia candida DC. - Papilionoideae) na Amazônia Central.
AU: Oliveira, A. N. de; Queiroz, M. S. de M.; Ramos, M. B. P.
SO: Revista Brasileira de Sementes, 2000, Vol.22, No.2, pp.193-199, 26 ref.
(3) Oyen, L.P.A., 2003. Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) DC.. [Internet] Record number 3046 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 04 February 2004.

8.02

(1)"The germination rate of fresh seed is 95—100%, but decreases rapidly unless stored in a cool dry place. " (2)Germination increases if the seeds are pre-treated by soaking in sulphuric acid for 10 to 12 minutes.(3)Tephrosia seed treatment - nicking or hot water [indicates hard seed coat]

(1)Oyen, L.P.A., 2003. Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) DC.. [Internet] Record number 3046 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 04 February 2004. (2)http://www.hdra.org.uk/pdfs/international_programme/TGM16-White_tephrosia.pdf (3)http://cstaf.ifas.ufl.edu/nftguide.pdf

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

(1)regenerate rapidly (2) "As no suckers are formed, it is easy to remove when land is to be cleared, but older plants with thick woody stems may be more difficult and costly to uproot." (3)Two cuttings can be made the first year, 3-4 the second, and 4 the third year. (4)It will withstand 3 to 4 years of cutting back.

(1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
(2) Oyen, L.P.A., 2003. Tephrosia candida (Roxb.) DC.. [Internet] Record number 3046 from TEXTFILE On-line. Faridah Hanum, I & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Wednesday, 04 February 2004. (3)Two cuttings can be made the first year, 3-4 the second, and 4 the third year. (4)http://www.hdra.org.uk/pdfs/international_programme/TGM16-White_tephrosia.pdf

8.05

Don’t know