Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Tabernaemontana divaricata
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -1
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments |
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Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. Ex Roem. & Schult. Family - Apocynaceae Common Names(s) - gou ya hua; pinwheel flower; crepe jasmine. Synonym(s) - Ervatamia coronaria (Jacq.) Stapf; Ervatamia divaricata (L.) Burkill; Nerium coronarium Jacq.; Nerium divaricatum L. (basionym); Tabernaemontana coronaria (Jacq.) Willd. |
Answer |
Score |
||
|
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
|
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
||
|
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
|
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
||
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
1 |
|
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? |
y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 |
y |
|
|
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
|||
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
||
|
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
||
|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
1 |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
||
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
||
|
4.10 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
1 |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
||
|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
|
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
n |
0 |
|
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
||
|
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
|
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
|
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
1 |
|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
-1 |
|
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
||
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
||
|
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
||
|
Total score: |
-1 |
|||
Supporting data:
|
Notes |
Source |
|
|
1.01 |
No evidence. |
|
|
1.02 |
||
|
1.03 |
||
|
2.01 |
(1) Native: China - Yunnan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Nepal; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand. |
(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?315194#syn [Cited 2010 March 3]. |
|
2.02 |
(1) Native: China - Yunnan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Nepal; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand. |
(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?315194#syn [Cited 2010 March 3]. |
|
2.03 |
(1) USDA Zones: 10a-11. (2) USDA zones 9-11.(3) Montane brushwoods, sparse forests; 100-1600 m. |
(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/700/ [Cited 2010 March 5]. (2) http://www.floridata.com/ref/t/tabe_div.cfm [Cited 2010 March 5]. (3) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=210002194 [Cited 2010 March 5]. |
|
2.04 |
(1) Native: China - Yunnan; Bangladesh; Bhutan; India; Nepal; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand. |
(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?315194#syn [Cited 2010 March 3]. |
|
2.05 |
(1) Cultivated world-wide. (2) Tabernaemontana divaricata is a popular ornamental in the southern United States. |
(1) http://www.entheopedia.org/?show=Plant&genus=Tabernaemontana&species=divaricata
[Cited 2010 March 5]. (2)
http://books.google.com/books?id=KeGzp-YXrPYC&pg=PA3287&lpg=PA3287&dq=Tabernaemontana+divaricata+%2B+%22seed%22&source=bl&ots=MsFPmC1KCj&sig= |
|
3.01 |
(1) Naturalized in Florida. [no literature documentation]. |
(1) http://www.plants.usda.gov/java/county?state_name=Florida&statefips=12&symbol=TADI5 [Cited 2010 March 5]. |
|
3.02 |
(1) Mentioned as a cultivation escape and a garden thug. [no other evidence in literature and no control efforts mentioned]. |
(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/tabernaemontana_divaricata/ [Cited 2010 March 5]. |
|
3.03 |
(1) No evidence. |
(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/tabernaemontana_divaricata/ [Cited 2010 March 5]. |
|
3.04 |
(1) No evidence. |
(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/tabernaemontana_divaricata/ [Cited 2010 March 5]. |
|
3.05 |
(1) Several species in the Tabernaemontana genus are listed as weeds, but limited to no evidence of impacts. |
(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamet.htm [Cited 2010 March 5]. |
|
4.01 |
(1) Shrub or treelet 2-16' tall. |
(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. |
|
4.02 |
Unknown. (1) "An experiment was conducted in West Bengal, India, to study the effects of botanical herbicide in controlling weeds in rapeseed cv. B-9 and Indian mustard during the rabi season of 2001-02. Treatments comprised: Vitex negundo, Ipomoea batatas, I. carnea, Tabernaemontana coronaria [T. divaricata], Calotropis gigantea, Cymbopogon citratus, Annona squamosa, Holarrhena antidysenterica [H. pubescens], Adhatoda vasica, Eucalyptus, Antigonon leptopus, Azadirachta indica, mechanical control, pretilachlor, weed-free control and an untreated control. In reducing population and biomass of weeds in rapeseed, preemergence application of pretilachlor at 1.25 kg a.i./ha was the best. Mechanical weeding (scheduled at 20 and 40 DAS) was the next efficient treatment. This was ensued by preemergence application of extracts of 200 kg/ha of green leaves of T. coronaria. Weed control efficiency (WCE) was highest in the weed-free control and pretilachlor, and these were equivalent in seed yield production with 52% more seed yield than in the control treatment. The highest net return (Rs 13 104/ha) was in pretilachlor, while the third best net return (Rs 10 225/ha) was in the weed-free control. Among the botanical herbicides, T. coronaria was the best, with 34.07% yield advantage and ranked overall second best in net return (Rs 10 544/ha). H. antidysenterica and Antigonon leptopus provided net returns exceeding that of the mechanical control treatment. Therefore, herbal materials such as T. coronaria, H. antidysenterica and Antigonon leptopus may replace the traditional method of mechanical weed management in rapeseed and Indian mustard." [from the abstract, document not available online] |
(1) http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20053159603 [Cited 2010 March 5]. Mandal, D., De, G.C. Studies on herbal herbicides in controlling weeds in rapeseed and mustard. Journal of Interacademicia. |
|
4.03 |
(1) Not parasitic. |
(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. |
|
4.04 |
Unknown |
|
|
4.05 |
(1) No evidence of toxicity found in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity to animals found in ToxNet. |
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2010 March 5]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2010 March 5]. |
|
4.06 |
(1) Pests and diseases: "Mealybugs, scales, and aphids ar the chief insect pests. A sooty mold fungus lives on the honeydew excreted by aphids." (2) Long-term health usually not affected by pests. Pest problems include scales, sooty-mold, mites and nematodes. No diseases are of major concern. |
(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=KeGzp-YXrPYC&pg=PA3288&lpg=PA3287&ots=MsFPmC1KCj&dq=Tabernaemontana+divaricata+%2B+%22seed%22 [Cited 2010 March 5]. (2) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fp568 [Cited 2010 March 5]. |
|
4.07 |
(1) All plant parts are considered to be poisonous. (2) All parts of the plant are poisonous. The roots, leaves, and flowers are used in Guangdong and Guangxi against snake and scorpion poisoning. In modern medicine, the roots are used to treat hypertension, headache, and scabies. |
(1) Agra, M.,Freitas, P., Barbosa-Filho J.M. 2007. Synopsis of the plants known as medicinal and poisonous in Northeast of Brazil. Rev. bras. farmacogn. [online]., vol.17, n.1 [cited 2010-03-05], pp. 114-140 . Available from: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-695X2007000100021&lng=en&nrm=iso>. ISSN 0102-695X. doi: 10.1590/S0102-695X2007000100021. (2) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=3&taxon_id=210002194 [Cited 2010 March 5]. |
|
4.08 |
Unknown |
|
|
4.09 |
(1) Full sun - partial shade. (2) Full sun to partial shade. |
(1) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/EP/EP03300.pdf [Cited 2010 March 5]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/700/ [Cited 2010 March 5]. |
|
4.10 |
(1) Not particular about soil type. (2) Anything except clay and sand, medium heaviness is great. rich is better. (3) Tabernaemontana divaricata flourishes in poor soil. (4) Soil tolerances: alkaline; clay; sand; acidic; loam. |
(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/t/tabe_div.cfm [Cited 2010
March 5]. (2) http://www.entheopedia.org/?show=Plant&genus=Tabernaemontana&species=divaricata
[Cited 2010 March 5]. (3)
http://books.google.com/books?id=KeGzp-YXrPYC&pg=PA3287&lpg=PA3287&dq=Tabernaemontana+divaricata+%2B+%22seed%22&source=bl&ots= |
|
4.11 |
(1) Shrub or treelet 2-16' tall. |
(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. |
|
4.12 |
Unknown |
|
|
5.01 |
(1) Terrestrial. |
(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. |
|
5.02 |
(1) Apocynaceae. |
(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. |
|
5.03 |
(1) Apocynaceae is not a nitrogen-fixing family. |
(1) http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Nitrogen-fixation [Cited 2010 March 5]. |
|
5.04 |
(1) Shrub or treelet. |
(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. |
|
6.01 |
No evidence. |
|
|
6.02 |
(1) Propagate by seeds or cuttings. (2) Propagate by seeds or cuttings. |
(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/t/tabe_div.cfm [Cited 2010 March 5]. (2) http://shaman-australis.com.au/shop/index.php?cPath=21_35_109 [Cited 2010 March 5]. |
|
6.03 |
Unknown |
|
|
6.04 |
Unknown |
|
|
6.05 |
(1) The Apocynaceae family is mainly-insect pollinated. |
(1) Sennblad, B., Bremer, B. 1996. The familial and subfamilial relationships of Apocynaceae and Asclepiadaceae evaluated with rbcL data. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 202:153-175. |
|
6.06 |
(1) Propagate by seeds or cuttings. (2) Propagate by seeds or cuttings. |
(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/t/tabe_div.cfm [Cited 2010 March 5]. (2) http://shaman-australis.com.au/shop/index.php?cPath=21_35_109 [Cited 2010 March 5]. |
|
6.07 |
(1) Fast growth rate. (2) Moderate growth rate. |
Unknown (1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/t/tabe_div.cfm [Cited 2010 March 5]. (2) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fp568 [Cited 2010 March 5]. |
|
7.01 |
(1) Frt. Orange. Seed aril deep orange-red. (2) The seed pods are red on the inside, recurved and 1 to 2 inches long. Often cultivated plants do not bear seed. (3) Fruit is pod or pod-like; 1-3" in length. |
(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora.
Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)
http://books.google.com/books?id=KeGzp-YXrPYC&pg=PA3287&lpg=PA3287&dq=Tabernaemontana+divaricata+%2B+%22seed%22&source=bl&ots= |
|
7.02 |
(1) Used as an ornamental in Florida.(2) Cultivated world-wide. (3) Tabernaemontana divaricata is a popular ornamental in the southern United States. |
(1) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fp568 [Cited 2010 March 5]. (2)
http://www.entheopedia.org/?show=Plant&genus=Tabernaemontana&species=divaricata
[Cited 2010 March 5]. (3)
http://books.google.com/books?id=KeGzp-YXrPYC&pg=PA3287&lpg=PA3287&dq=Tabernaemontana+divaricata+%2B+%22seed%22&source=bl&ots= |
|
7.03 |
(1) Frt. Orange. Seed aril deep orange-red. (2) The seed pods are red on the inside, recurved and 1 to 2 inches long. Often cultivated plants do not bear seed. (3) Fruit is pod or pod-like; 1-3" in length. [not grown in agricultural situations] |
(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora.
Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)
http://books.google.com/books?id=KeGzp-YXrPYC&pg=PA3287&lpg=PA3287&dq=Tabernaemontana+divaricata+%2B+%22seed%22&source=bl&ots= |
|
7.04 |
No adaptation for wind dispersal. (1) Frt. Orange. Seed aril deep orange-red. (2) The seed pods are red on the inside, recurved and 1 to 2 inches long. Often cultivated plants do not bear seed. (3) Fruit is pod or pod-like; 1-3" in length. |
(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora.
Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)
http://books.google.com/books?id=KeGzp-YXrPYC&pg=PA3287&lpg=PA3287&dq=Tabernaemontana+divaricata+%2B+%22seed%22&source=bl&ots= |
|
7.05 |
No adaptation for water dispersal.(1) Frt. Orange. Seed aril deep orange-red. (2) The seed pods are red on the inside, recurved and 1 to 2 inches long. Often cultivated plants do not bear seed. (3) Fruit is pod or pod-like; 1-3" in length. |
(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora.
Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)
http://books.google.com/books?id=KeGzp-YXrPYC&pg=PA3287&lpg=PA3287&dq=Tabernaemontana+divaricata+%2B+%22seed%22&source=bl&ots= |
|
7.06 |
(1) Frt. Orange. Seed aril deep orange-red. (2) The seed pods are red on the inside, recurved and 1 to 2 inches long. Often cultivated plants do not bear seed. (3) Fruit is pod or pod-like; 1-3" in length. |
(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora.
Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)
http://books.google.com/books?id=KeGzp-YXrPYC&pg=PA3287&lpg=PA3287&dq=Tabernaemontana+divaricata+%2B+%22seed%22&source=bl&ots= |
|
7.07 |
No means of external attachment. (1) Frt. Orange. Seed aril deep orange-red. (2) The seed pods are red on the inside, recurved and 1 to 2 inches long. Often cultivated plants do not bear seed. (3) Fruit is pod or pod-like; 1-3" in length. |
(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora.
Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)
http://books.google.com/books?id=KeGzp-YXrPYC&pg=PA3287&lpg=PA3287&dq=Tabernaemontana+divaricata+%2B+%22seed%22&source= |
|
7.08 |
(1) Frt. Orange. Seed aril deep orange-red. (2) The seed pods are red on the inside, recurved and 1 to 2 inches long. Often cultivated plants do not bear seed. (3) Fruit is pod or pod-like; 1-3" in length. (4) Germination percentages and rates of Tabernaemontana spp. seeds increased after they passed through the gut of a chimpanzee. |
(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora.
Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)
http://books.google.com/books?id=KeGzp-YXrPYC&pg=PA3287&lpg=PA3287&dq=Tabernaemontana+divaricata+%2B+%22seed%22&source=bl&ots= |
|
8.01 |
(1) In the plains of Uttar Pradesh all varieties (including Tabernaemontana divaricata) are totally sterile. However seed setting does take place in Tavernaemontana divaricata (single-flower diploid variety) in the hilly tracts of the Himalayas. We obtained root cuttings of Tabernaemontana divaricata from the Himalayan foothills. The rooted cuttings were flowering for some time and in 1974 some fruits developed. The development of fruits is a slow process, taking four months. When the fruits ripen, they split open and expose the red interior. Each fruit has about 12-17 seeds. |
(1) Raghuvanshi, S. S.; Pathak, C. S., 1974: Current Science 43(14): 459-460 |
|
8.02 |
(1) "Seed should be planted within a few months of delivery as this rainforest species has a fairly short viability. Germination is not good even under ideal conditions." (2) "Seed should be planted within a few months of harvest as this rainforest species has a fairly short viability. Germination is low even under ideal conditions." (3) Tabernaemontana arborea has non-dormant seeds. |
(1) http://www.worldwideseeds.info/page11.html [Cited 2010 March 5].(2) http://shaman-australis.com.au/shop/index.php?cPath=21_35_109 [Cited 2010 March 5]. (3) Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M., 2001. Seeds Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, San Diego. |
|
8.03 |
Unknown |
|
|
8.04 |
Unknown |
|
|
8.05 |
Unknown |
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This page created 24 October 2010