Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp. Family - Myrtaceae. Common Names(s) - Indian bayleaf, Indonesian bayleaf. Synonym(s) - Eugenia balsamea Ridley, Eugenia nitida Duthie, Eugenia polyantha Wigh.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

7

Notes

Source

1.01

(1) No known breeding programs.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to: Indochina; Myanmar; Thailand; Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?312991 [Cited 2009 May 20].

2.02

(1) Native to: Indochina; Myanmar; Thailand; Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?312991 [Cited 2009 May 20].

2.03

(1) S. polyanthum is widely distributed and locally common as understorey tree in lowland primary and secondary forests, also in thickets, bamboo forest and teak plantations, in Java up to 1000 m, in Sabah up to 1200 m, and in Thailand up to 1300 m altitude. (2) Common tree in Ceylon up to an elevation of 3,000 feet.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=d9UBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA669&dq=syzygium+polyanthum [Cited 2009 May 20.

2.04

(1) Native to: Indochina; Myanmar; Thailand; Brunei; Indonesia; Malaysia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?312991 [Cited 2009 May 20].

2.05

No evidence of repeated introductions outside its natural range.

3.01

No evidence of naturalization.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Cited 2009 May 20].

3.02

(1) No evidence of weediness or control activities.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Cited 2009 May 20].

3.03

(1) No evidence of weediness or control activities.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Cited 2009 May 20].

3.04

(1) No evidence of weediness or control activities.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Cited 2009 May 20].

3.05

(1) Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston is a shade tolerant species that produces monotypic stands. It is invasive on Pitcairn Island. (2) Syzygium cumini and Syzigium jambos are both considered invasive in the Pacific Islands.

(1) http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/web-sp19.htm [Cited 2009 May 20]. (1) http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/pitcairn/syzygium.htm [Cited 2009 May 20]. (2) http://www.issg.org/database/reference/Invasive_strategy_and_species.pdf[Cited 2009 May 20].

4.01

(1) A medium-sized tree up to 30 m tall with dense crown, bole up to 60 cm in diameter; bark surface fissured and scaly, grey. Leaves opposite, simple, glabrous; petiole up to 12 mm long; blade oblong-elliptical, narrowly elliptical or lanceolate, 5-16 cm x 2.5-7 cm, with 6-11 pairs of secondary veins distinct below and a distinct intramarginal vein, dotted with minute oil glands, petiole up to 12 mm long. Inflorescence a panicle, 2-8 cm long, usually arising below the leaves, sometimes axillary, but trees flower very profusely; flowers sessile, bisexual, regular, fragrant, white, in threes on ultimate branchlets of the panicle; calyx cup-shaped, about 4 mm long, with 4 broad persistent lobes; petals 4, free, 2.5-3.5 mm long, white; stamens numerous, arranged in 4 groups, about 3 mm long; disk quadrangular, orange-yellow.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

4.02

Unknown (1) Syzygium spp. are thought to contain allelopathic compounds.

(1) http://www.issg.org/database/reference/Invasive_strategy_and_species.pdf [Cited 2009 May 20].

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity found in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity found in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 May 20]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 May 20].

4.06

(1) Pests: The following noxious insect species have been observed on Syzygium in Indonesia: Argyroploce mormopa (a tip-boring caterpillar on S. polyanthum), Coccus viridis (feeding on the sap), Acarina (mites) and Alcides patruelis (larvae living in the shoots and beetles gnawing holes in the tender parts of the shoots). Termites can be a serious pest of young seedlings, and other pests include the red tree ant Oecophylla smaragdina and the coccid Saissetia eugeniae (2) Coccus viridis is on the Regulated Plant Pest List U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Healthe Inspection Service. (3) Coccus viridis has a wide host range consisting of vegetable, fruit and ornamental crops. Plant hosts of economic importance include Annona (cherimoya, atemoya, sugar apple), anthurium, avocado, cacao, celery, coffee, flowering ginger, guava, lime, macadamia, orange, orchid and plumeria. It has a cosmopolitan distribution throughout the Tropics except for Australia. It is a serious pest of coffee in many countries, so devastating at times that coffee production ceased.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20]. (2) http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_imports/downloads/RegulatedPestList.pdf [Cited 2009 May 21]. (3) http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/Kbase/Crop/Type/c_viridi.htm [Cited 2009 May 21].

4.07

(1) The aromatic leaves of salam, either fresh or dried, are used as a spice in many South-East Asian meat, fish, rice and vegetable dishes. Its use is comparable to that of laurel leaves (bay-leaves) in European cuisine. The leaves are added early on and are left to cook with the dish, as the flavour develops only gradually. Ripe fruits are edible, although slightly astringent. Medicine: Leaf and bark extracts are used medicinally against diarrhoea. Pounded leaves, bark and roots are applied as poultices against itches. (2) No evidence of toxicity found in PubMed. (3) No evidence of toxicity found in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20]. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 May 20]. (3) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 May 20].

4.08

Unknown.

4.09

(1) Seedlings can survive for several years in the shade.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

4.10

(1)Soil descriptors
- Soil texture: medium
- Soil drainage: free
- Soil reaction: neutral
- Special soil tolerances: infertile

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.11

(1) A medium-sized tree up to 30 m tall with dense crown, bole up to 60 cm in diameter;

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1) A medium-sized tree up to 30 m tall with dense crown, bole up to 60 cm in diameter;

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

5.02

(1) Myrtaceae

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?312991 [Cited 2009 May 20].

5.03

(1) Myrtaceae

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

5.04

(1) A medium-sized tree up to 30 m tall with dense crown, bole up to 60 cm in diameter;

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

6.01

(1) Natural regeneration is generally profuse and seedlings can survive under shade for several years. Wildlings should be hardened off in a nursery before being planted.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

6.02

(1) Salam is propagated by seed, cuttings or air layering

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown (1) Syzygium nervosum is self-compatible.

(1) http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=35361 [Cited 2009 May 20].

6.05

(1) The flowers last for 4-7 days and are usually pollinated by beetles and butterflies.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

6.06

Unknown

6.07

(1) S. polyanthum may flower as soon as 3 years old. Flowering and fruiting are more or less year-round.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

7.01

Not likely. (1) Fruit a 1-seeded berry, depressed globose to globose, up to 12 mm in diameter, dark red to purplish-black when ripe.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

7.02

(1) There are Syzigium polyanthum plantations in Java. The leaves are widely used as a spice in South-East Asian culture. No statistics are available on production and trade. Production and local trade is considerable because, for example in Indonesia, young leaves are sold on almost all local markets and by street vendors, and the bark is extensively used for dyeing purposes.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

7.03

(1) Production and local trade is considerable because, in Indonesia, young leaves are sold on almost all local markets and by street vendors. The bark is extensively used for dyeing purposes. Leaves are harvested by pruning the tree or by cutting off the tips of the twigs.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

7.04

No adaptation for wind dispersal. (1) Fruit a 1-seeded berry, depressed globose to globose, up to 12 mm in diameter, dark red to purplish-black when ripe.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

7.05

No adaptation for water dispersal. (1) Fruit a 1-seeded berry, depressed globose to globose, up to 12 mm in diameter, dark red to purplish-black when ripe.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

7.06

(1) Fruit a 1-seeded berry, depressed globose to globose, up to 12 mm in diameter, dark red to purplish-black when ripe. (2) Photo shows a Jambu Fruit Dove (Ptilinopus jambu) eating a Syzigium polyanthum berry.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20]. (2) http://besgroup.talfrynature.com/2008/01/01/arrival-of-the-jambu-fruit-dove/ [Cited 2009 May 20].

7.07

No external means of attachment. (1) Fruit a 1-seeded berry, depressed globose to globose, up to 12 mm in diameter, dark red to purplish-black when ripe.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

7.08

(1) Fruit a 1-seeded berry, depressed globose to globose, up to 12 mm in diameter, dark red to purplish-black when ripe.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20].

8.01

Unknown

8.02

(1) Seed loses its viability very rapidly and after 4-6 weeks it hardly germinates. (2) Recalcitrant seeds.

(1) http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18159#Identity [Cited 2009 May 20]. (2)http://tropilab.com/salam.html [Cited 2009 May 20].

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1)Ability to regenerate rapidly; coppice

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.05

Unknown