Stylosanthes scabra risk assessment

Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)

Stylosanthes scabra

RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 1 (low risk based on second screen)

Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i.

Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

	Stylosanthes scabra; shrubby stylo		Answer
1.01	Is the species highly domesticated?	y=-3, n=0	n
1.02	Has the species become naturalized where grown?	y=-1, n=-1
1.03	Does the species have weedy races?	y=-1, n=-1
2.01	Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”	See Append 2	2
2.02	Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2		2
2.03	Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)	y=1, n=0	n
2.04	Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates	y=1, n=0	y
2.05	Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2	?=-1, n=0	y
3.01	Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05
3.02	Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)	n=0	n
3.03	Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)	n=0	n
3.04	Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)	n=0	n
3.05	Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)	n=0
4.01	Produces spines, thorns or burrs	y=1, n=0	n
4.02	Allelopathic	y=1, n=0	n
4.03	Parasitic	y=1, n=0	n
4.04	Unpalatable to grazing animals	y=1, n=-1	n
4.05	Toxic to animals	y=1, n=0	n
4.06	Host for recognized pests and pathogens	y=1, n=0	n
4.07	Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans	y=1, n=0	n
4.08	Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems	y=1, n=0
4.09	Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle	y=1, n=0	y
4.1	Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)	y=1, n=0	y
4.11	Climbing or smothering growth habit	y=1, n=0	n
4.12	Forms dense thickets	y=1, n=0	n
5.01	Aquatic	y=5, n=0	n
5.02	Grass	y=1, n=0	n
5.03	Nitrogen fixing woody plant	y=1, n=0	y
5.04	Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)	y=1, n=0	n
6.01	Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat	y=1, n=0	n
6.02	Produces viable seed.	y=1, n=-1	y
6.03	Hybridizes naturally	y=1, n=-1
6.04	Self-compatible or apomictic	y=1, n=-1	y
6.05	Requires specialist pollinators	y=-1, n=0	n
6.06	Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation	y=1, n=-1	n
6.07	Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1	See left
7.01	Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)	y=1, n=-1	n
7.02	Propagules dispersed intentionally by people	y=1, n=-1	y
7.03	Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant	y=1, n=-1	n
7.04	Propagules adapted to wind dispersal	y=1, n=-1	n
7.05	Propagules water dispersed	y=1, n=-1	n
7.06	Propagules bird dispersed	y=1, n=-1	n
7.07	Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)	y=1, n=-1	n
7.08	Propagules survive passage through the gut	y=1, n=-1	y
8.01	Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)	y=1, n=-1	y
8.02	Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)	y=1, n=-1	n
8.03	Well controlled by herbicides	y=-1, n=1
8.04	Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire	y=1, n=-1	y
8.05	Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)	y=-1, n=1
	Total score:		1

Supporting data:

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Rod Randall. Western Weeds. Available at: <http://members.iinet.net.au/~weeds/western_weeds/fabaceae_4.htm>

" Naturalised in the Kimberley, along the Gibb River Road." [Australia, extremely localized]

1.03

Australia, CSIRO Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures (1990) Shrubby stylo (Stylosanthes scabra ). Plant Varieties Journal, 1990, Vol.3, No.4, pp.33-35

AB: "Three varieties are submitted for the registration of plant variety rights in Australia. Bahia, an F5 selection from the cross Q10042 x CPI93116, Recife, a selection from a genetically variable population of cv. Seca, and Feira, an F5 selection from Q10042 x CPI55860, were all selected for resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [Glomerella cingulata ]." nAB: Three varieties are submitted for the registration of plant variety rights in Australia. Bahia, an F5 selection from the cross Q10042 x CPI93116, Recife, a selection from a genetically variable population of cv. Seca, and Feira, an F5 selection from Q10042 x CPI55860, were all selected for resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [Glomerella cingulata ]. Bahia is resistant to races 1, 3 and 4, is of medium height (63.5 cm) and is midseason flowering. Recife is resistant to races 1 and 4, is early to midseason flowering and is of medium height (68.4 cm). Feira is resistant to races 1, 3 and 4, is midseason flowering and is short (60.7 cm)

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35887 (12 February 2003)

Native distribution:

Southern America: Argentina [Salta, Jujuy]; Bahamas; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Cuba; Ecuador; Guyana; Peru; Venezuela

2.02

2.03

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35887 (12 February 2003) (2)http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/Pf000068.HTM (3)http://pppis.fao.org/

(1)Native distribution: [tropical to subtropical] (2)Grows from sea level to c. 600 m. ... S. scabra occurs naturally at least as far south as the Tropic of Capricorn, while cv. Fitzroy has performed well as far south as 24°S, near Bundaberg in Queensland, Australia. Earlier-flowering lines should extend the limit frther south if released there. (3)tropical wet & dry (Aw), steppe or semiarid (Bs), subtropical dry winter (Cw), 0-600m

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35887 (12 February 2003)

Native distribution:

Southern America: Argentina [Salta, Jujuy]; Bahamas; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Cuba; Ecuador; Guyana; Peru; Venezuela

2.05

(1) Thomson, D. P.; Melvor, J. G.; Gardener, C. J. (1983) The effect of seedbed type on the establishment of legumes and grasses at four sites in North Queensland. Tropical Grasslands, 1983, Vol.17, No.1, pp.3-10, 18 ref.
(2) Guodao, L.; Phaikaew, C.; Stür, W. W. (1997) Status of Stylosanthes development in other countries. II. Stylosanthes development and utilisation in China and south-east Asia. Tropical Grasslands, 1997, Vol.31, No.5, pp.460-466, 15 ref.
(3) Brolmann, J. B. (1985) The persistence of Stylosanthes in Florida, a review. Proceedings of the XV International Grassland Congress, August 24-31, 1985, Kyoto, Japan., 1985, pp.147-148, 7 ref.

(1) Australia; (2) north-east Thailand, eastern Indonesia and southern China; (3) Florida, USA

3.01

Rod Randall. Western Weeds. Available at: <http://members.iinet.net.au/~weeds/western_weeds/fabaceae_4.htm>

" Naturalised in the Kimberley, along the Gibb River Road." [Australia, extremely localized, not listed in Stanley and Ross, Flora of Southeastern Queensland]

3.02

no evidence

3.03

Tony Grice. Weeds in the Burdekin Rangelands: Invasion processes.
, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Townsville. Available at <http://savanna.ntu.edu.au/downloads/burd3.pdf>

an alien plant found (planted) in Australian pastures -- no evidence of economic weed

3.04

no evidence

3.05

Greg Calvert. Weeds - The Silent Invaders.
Available at: <http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/APOL16/dec99-2.html>

"Stylos ( S. guianensis) as it is commonly known. Over the last 30 years, more than 90,000 ha have been sown with Stylos, to allow cattle to continue grazing areas which have previously been stripped of native grasses by poor property management. There is increasing amounts of information to suggest that Stylos causes soil acidification and competes with native vegetation. The result is widespread dieback of eucalypts." [No evidence provided -- this seems to be personal opinion not based on fact]

4.01

Cameron, A.G. (1999) Shrubby Stylos. Agnote 563 No. E4
ISSN No: 0157-8243
Avaialble at: <http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/pastures/563.pdf>

Shrubby stylo (Stylosanthes scabra) is a vigorous perennial pasture legume which can grow to 2 m in height. It is an erect, sparsely branched woody shrub with stems often greater than 1 cm thick. Stems are covered with short viscid bristles which give the plant a sticky feel. Leaves are dark green, trifoliate, with elliptical to oblong leaflets, up to 21 mm long and 9 mm wide. [no description of these traits]

4.02

no evidece

4.03

no evidece

4.04

(1) Cameron, A.G. (1999) Shrubby Stylos. Agnote 563 No. E4
ISSN No: 0157-8243 Avaialble at: <http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/pastures/563.pdf>
(2) Coates, D. B.; Feuvre, R. P. le (1998) Diet composition of cattle grazing Stylosanthes -grass pastures in the seasonally dry tropics: the effect of phosphorus as fertiliser or supplement. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1998, Vol.38, No.1, pp.7-15, 22 ref.

a forage species but see these notes (1) "Heavy grazing following burning and oversowing is recommended to reduce competition from established perennial grasses. This works well as stock will not graze young and green shrubby stylos if they are not familiar with them."; (2)"A strong seasonal preference for grass early in the wet season, reinforced by a generally reduced preference for stylo in cattle with diets deficient in P, probably hastened the development of stylo dominance in unfertilized pasture where P supplement was not fed. "

4.05

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35887 (12 February 2003)

usage: forage

4.06

Mih, A. M.; Hanson, J. (1998) Alfalfa mosaic virus: occurrence and variation among isolates from forage legumes in Ethiopia. Tropical Grasslands, 1998, Vol.32, No.2, pp.118-123, 20 ref.

AB: "Field samples and seedlings of 51 leguminous forage species were tested for alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV) in routine monitoring of seed multiplication fields of the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Ethiopia. The virus was detected in 24 species (including Stylosanthes scabra) and a solanaceous weed Solanum nigrum . " [generalist virus]

4.07

no evidece

4.08

[possibly -- a dryland shrub]

4.09

(1)Ng, K. F.; Stür, W. W.; Shelton, H. M. (1997) New forage species for integration of sheep in rubber plantations. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1997, Vol.128, No.3, pp.347-355, 6 ref. (2)http://pppis.fao.org/

(1) "The productivity and persistence of 91 accessions of grasses, legumes and broad-leaved weeds were evaluated under young rubber at the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia Experimental Station at Sungai Buloh near Kuala Lumpur. The species were chosen from world collections for their reported shade tolerance. Two small plot experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1990 and regular harvests were used to assess yield and persistence. The soil at the site was acidic (pH 4.7) and infertile, and light transmission declined from 65 to 20% in Expt 1 and from 90 to 50% in Expt 2."; " High yielding and persistent legumes were Stylosanthes scabra cv. Seca and S. guianensis CIAT 184."; "Survival of species monitored one year after completion of the experiment indicated the good longer term persistence of legumes Arachis repens and A. pintoi . " (2) Light tolerance very bright to cloudy skies.

4.1

(1)Cameron, A.G. (1999) Shrubby Stylos. Agnote 563 No. E4
ISSN No: 0157-8243
Avaialble at: <http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/pastures/563.pdf> (2)http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4579.html

(1)"Shrubby stylos will grow on a wide range of soil types, with the exception of heavy clay and flooded soils." (2)hey will grow on a wider range of soils than other stylos, although most commonly sown on very infertile sandy soils. They can also thrive on the lighter types of brigalow soils, but cannot tolerate waterlogging or heavy cracking clays.

4.11

Cameron, A.G. (1999) Shrubby Stylos. Agnote 563 No. E4
ISSN No: 0157-8243
Avaialble at: <http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/pastures/563.pdf>

It is an erect, sparsely branched woody shrub

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

woody shrub; Fababaceae

5.03

Miranda, C. H. B.; Fernandes, C. D.; Cadisch, G. (1999) Quantifying the nitrogen fixed by Stylosanthes . Pasturas Tropicales, 1999, Vol.21, No.1, pp.64-69, 14 ref.

"fixed N as a percentage of total N was 52-70%"

5.04

shrub

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Mott, J. J.; McKeon, G. M.; Moore, C. J. (1976) Effects of seed bed conditions on the germination of four Stylosanthes species in the Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1976, Vol.27, No.6, pp.811-823, 17 ref.

AB: "Removal of the seed pod and scarification stimulated higher germination rates than heat treatment of intact seed pods and increased the rate for S. scabra, the slowest germinating species, from 4.2% to 89.9% after 10 days at 26 deg C with constant illumination."

6.03

no evidence [unique shrubby stylo]

6.04

http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/Pf000068.HTM

According to Stace (1982), shrubby stylo is normally a true breeding fixed heterozygote, an allotetraploid with 2n = 40 chromosomes, 98.2 percent self-pollinating and 1.8 percent outbreeding

6.05

http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/Pf000068.HTM

According to Stace (1982), shrubby stylo is normally a true breeding fixed heterozygote, an allotetraploid with 2n = 40 chromosomes, 98.2 percent self-pollinating and 1.8 percent outbreeding [pea flower, bee pollinated]

6.06

no evidence

6.07

(1) Gardener, C. J. (1993) The colonization of a tropical grassland by Stylosanthes from seed transported in cattle faeces. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1993, Vol.44, No.2, pp.299-315, 31 ref.
(2) Middleton, C. H. (1983) Fitzroy stylo grazing trial - objectives and progress results. Tropical Grasslands, 1983, Vol.17, No.2, pp.89-90

(1) "The first recruitment of Stylosanthes in the grassland occurred during the third growing season."
(2) "No seed was set in the 1st yr and by March the following yr there were still 7 plants/m2." [don't know if this information is relevant]

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Barnes, P. (1999) Establishment and production of oversown and pure-sown forage legumes in savanna environments in Ghana. People and rangelands: building the future. Proceedings of the VI International Rangeland Congress, Townsville, Queensland, Australia, 19-23 July, 1999. Volumes 1 and 2., 1999, pp.300-301, 7 ref.

AB: "In a comparison of 20 forage legume accessions for herbage productivity and chemical composition, the highest yield was given by Stylosanthes scabra , followed by Centrosema brasilianum and Macroptilium axillare . "
[a widely-used forage species]

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

no evidence

7.07

no evidence of external transport

7.08

(1)Gardener, C. J. (1993) The colonization of a tropical grassland by Stylosanthes from seed transported in cattle faeces. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1993, Vol.44, No.2, pp.299-315, 31 ref. (2)http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/beef/3308.html

(1) "Seed content in the cattle faeces reached a peak at the end of the wet season and accounted for 8% of seed production. Only 1.5% of the seed excreted in the grassland grew into established plants despite most seeds being viable. Varying the amount of grass had little effect on establishment. The two short-lived herbaceous species, S. guianensis and S. hamata, were more efficient colonizers (i.e. produced more seedlings per unit biomass) than the more perennial shrubby types of S. scabra and S. viscosa. The former two species produced more seeds per unit biomass and more plants per unit of seed in the faeces. " (2)Stock will transport seed in their dung.

8.01

(1) Kanodia, K. C.; Dwivedi, G. K.; Rai, P. (1985) Stylo seed production as influenced by phosphorus application. Indian Journal of Range Management, 1985, Vol.6, No.1/2, pp.67-68, 4 ref.
(2) Cameron, A.G. (1999) Shrubby Stylos. Agnote 563 No. E4
ISSN No: 0157-8243
Avaialble at: <http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/pastures/563.pdf>

(1) AB: "S. scabra strains EC-40289 and EC-40205, gave av. seed yields of 349.7, 203.9 kg/ha, resp without P fertilizer. "
(2) There are 400,000 seeds per kilogram with pods and 800,000 without pods
[with the average production of 276.8 kg/ha = 11072-11144 seeds/m2]

8.02

Mott, J. J.; Winter, W. H.; McLean, R. W. (1989) Management options for increasing the productivity of tropical savanna pastures. IV. Population biology of introduced Stylosanthes spp. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1989, Vol.40, No.6, pp.1227-1240, 23 ref.

" In S. scabra and S. viscosa, seed softened quickly, the soil seed bank remained small and short-lived, and long term stability depended on the survival of perennating plants rather than seed. "

8.03

no evidence

8.04

(1)Mott, J. J. (1982) Fire and survival of Stylosanthes spp. in the dry savanna woodlands of the Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1982, Vol.33, No.2, pp.203-211, 7 ref.
http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4579.html (2)http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/beef/3308.html (3)http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4579.html

(1) "A series of burns was carried out during the early and late dry season and early wet season in mixed native grass/legume plots containing S. humilis, S. hamata, S. scabra and S. viscosa. The least mortality was shown by S. scabra but its survival was poor in swards >3 yr old." (2)Both Seca and Siran [cultvars] tolerate heavy grazing (3)Fire and frost can destroy the top growth, but the plant reshoots from the base

8.05

no evidence

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This page updated 20 May 2005

	Source	Notes
1.01		no evidence
1.02	Rod Randall. Western Weeds. Available at: <http://members.iinet.net.au/~weeds/western_weeds/fabaceae_4.htm>	" Naturalised in the Kimberley, along the Gibb River Road." [Australia, extremely localized]
1.03	Australia, CSIRO Division of Tropical Crops and Pastures (1990) Shrubby stylo (Stylosanthes scabra ). Plant Varieties Journal, 1990, Vol.3, No.4, pp.33-35	AB: "Three varieties are submitted for the registration of plant variety rights in Australia. Bahia, an F5 selection from the cross Q10042 x CPI93116, Recife, a selection from a genetically variable population of cv. Seca, and Feira, an F5 selection from Q10042 x CPI55860, were all selected for resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [Glomerella cingulata ]." nAB: Three varieties are submitted for the registration of plant variety rights in Australia. Bahia, an F5 selection from the cross Q10042 x CPI93116, Recife, a selection from a genetically variable population of cv. Seca, and Feira, an F5 selection from Q10042 x CPI55860, were all selected for resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [Glomerella cingulata ]. Bahia is resistant to races 1, 3 and 4, is of medium height (63.5 cm) and is midseason flowering. Recife is resistant to races 1 and 4, is early to midseason flowering and is of medium height (68.4 cm). Feira is resistant to races 1, 3 and 4, is midseason flowering and is short (60.7 cm)
2.01	USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35887 (12 February 2003)	Native distribution: Southern America: Argentina [Salta, Jujuy]; Bahamas; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Cuba; Ecuador; Guyana; Peru; Venezuela
2.02
2.03	USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35887 (12 February 2003) (2)http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/Pf000068.HTM (3)http://pppis.fao.org/	(1)Native distribution: [tropical to subtropical] (2)Grows from sea level to c. 600 m. ... S. scabra occurs naturally at least as far south as the Tropic of Capricorn, while cv. Fitzroy has performed well as far south as 24°S, near Bundaberg in Queensland, Australia. Earlier-flowering lines should extend the limit frther south if released there. (3)tropical wet & dry (Aw), steppe or semiarid (Bs), subtropical dry winter (Cw), 0-600m
2.04	USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35887 (12 February 2003)	Native distribution: Southern America: Argentina [Salta, Jujuy]; Bahamas; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Cuba; Ecuador; Guyana; Peru; Venezuela
2.05	(1) Thomson, D. P.; Melvor, J. G.; Gardener, C. J. (1983) The effect of seedbed type on the establishment of legumes and grasses at four sites in North Queensland. Tropical Grasslands, 1983, Vol.17, No.1, pp.3-10, 18 ref. (2) Guodao, L.; Phaikaew, C.; Stür, W. W. (1997) Status of Stylosanthes development in other countries. II. Stylosanthes development and utilisation in China and south-east Asia. Tropical Grasslands, 1997, Vol.31, No.5, pp.460-466, 15 ref. (3) Brolmann, J. B. (1985) The persistence of Stylosanthes in Florida, a review. Proceedings of the XV International Grassland Congress, August 24-31, 1985, Kyoto, Japan., 1985, pp.147-148, 7 ref.	(1) Australia; (2) north-east Thailand, eastern Indonesia and southern China; (3) Florida, USA
3.01	Rod Randall. Western Weeds. Available at: <http://members.iinet.net.au/~weeds/western_weeds/fabaceae_4.htm>	" Naturalised in the Kimberley, along the Gibb River Road." [Australia, extremely localized, not listed in Stanley and Ross, Flora of Southeastern Queensland]
3.02		no evidence
3.03	Tony Grice. Weeds in the Burdekin Rangelands: Invasion processes. , CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Townsville. Available at <http://savanna.ntu.edu.au/downloads/burd3.pdf>	an alien plant found (planted) in Australian pastures -- no evidence of economic weed
3.04		no evidence
3.05	Greg Calvert. Weeds - The Silent Invaders. Available at: <http://farrer.csu.edu.au/ASGAP/APOL16/dec99-2.html>	"Stylos ( S. guianensis) as it is commonly known. Over the last 30 years, more than 90,000 ha have been sown with Stylos, to allow cattle to continue grazing areas which have previously been stripped of native grasses by poor property management. There is increasing amounts of information to suggest that Stylos causes soil acidification and competes with native vegetation. The result is widespread dieback of eucalypts." [No evidence provided -- this seems to be personal opinion not based on fact]
4.01	Cameron, A.G. (1999) Shrubby Stylos. Agnote 563 No. E4 ISSN No: 0157-8243 Avaialble at: <http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/pastures/563.pdf>	Shrubby stylo (Stylosanthes scabra) is a vigorous perennial pasture legume which can grow to 2 m in height. It is an erect, sparsely branched woody shrub with stems often greater than 1 cm thick. Stems are covered with short viscid bristles which give the plant a sticky feel. Leaves are dark green, trifoliate, with elliptical to oblong leaflets, up to 21 mm long and 9 mm wide. [no description of these traits]
4.02		no evidece
4.03		no evidece
4.04	(1) Cameron, A.G. (1999) Shrubby Stylos. Agnote 563 No. E4 ISSN No: 0157-8243 Avaialble at: <http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/pastures/563.pdf> (2) Coates, D. B.; Feuvre, R. P. le (1998) Diet composition of cattle grazing Stylosanthes -grass pastures in the seasonally dry tropics: the effect of phosphorus as fertiliser or supplement. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 1998, Vol.38, No.1, pp.7-15, 22 ref.	a forage species but see these notes (1) "Heavy grazing following burning and oversowing is recommended to reduce competition from established perennial grasses. This works well as stock will not graze young and green shrubby stylos if they are not familiar with them."; (2)"A strong seasonal preference for grass early in the wet season, reinforced by a generally reduced preference for stylo in cattle with diets deficient in P, probably hastened the development of stylo dominance in unfertilized pasture where P supplement was not fed. "
4.05	USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?35887 (12 February 2003)	usage: forage
4.06	Mih, A. M.; Hanson, J. (1998) Alfalfa mosaic virus: occurrence and variation among isolates from forage legumes in Ethiopia. Tropical Grasslands, 1998, Vol.32, No.2, pp.118-123, 20 ref.	AB: "Field samples and seedlings of 51 leguminous forage species were tested for alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV) in routine monitoring of seed multiplication fields of the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Ethiopia. The virus was detected in 24 species (including Stylosanthes scabra) and a solanaceous weed Solanum nigrum . " [generalist virus]
4.07		no evidece
4.08		[possibly -- a dryland shrub]
4.09	(1)Ng, K. F.; Stür, W. W.; Shelton, H. M. (1997) New forage species for integration of sheep in rubber plantations. Journal of Agricultural Science, 1997, Vol.128, No.3, pp.347-355, 6 ref. (2)http://pppis.fao.org/	(1) "The productivity and persistence of 91 accessions of grasses, legumes and broad-leaved weeds were evaluated under young rubber at the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia Experimental Station at Sungai Buloh near Kuala Lumpur. The species were chosen from world collections for their reported shade tolerance. Two small plot experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1990 and regular harvests were used to assess yield and persistence. The soil at the site was acidic (pH 4.7) and infertile, and light transmission declined from 65 to 20% in Expt 1 and from 90 to 50% in Expt 2."; " High yielding and persistent legumes were Stylosanthes scabra cv. Seca and S. guianensis CIAT 184."; "Survival of species monitored one year after completion of the experiment indicated the good longer term persistence of legumes Arachis repens and A. pintoi . " (2) Light tolerance very bright to cloudy skies.
4.1	(1)Cameron, A.G. (1999) Shrubby Stylos. Agnote 563 No. E4 ISSN No: 0157-8243 Avaialble at: <http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/pastures/563.pdf> (2)http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4579.html	(1)"Shrubby stylos will grow on a wide range of soil types, with the exception of heavy clay and flooded soils." (2)hey will grow on a wider range of soils than other stylos, although most commonly sown on very infertile sandy soils. They can also thrive on the lighter types of brigalow soils, but cannot tolerate waterlogging or heavy cracking clays.
4.11	Cameron, A.G. (1999) Shrubby Stylos. Agnote 563 No. E4 ISSN No: 0157-8243 Avaialble at: <http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/pastures/563.pdf>	It is an erect, sparsely branched woody shrub
4.12		no evidence
5.01		terrestrial
5.02		woody shrub; Fababaceae
5.03	Miranda, C. H. B.; Fernandes, C. D.; Cadisch, G. (1999) Quantifying the nitrogen fixed by Stylosanthes . Pasturas Tropicales, 1999, Vol.21, No.1, pp.64-69, 14 ref.	"fixed N as a percentage of total N was 52-70%"
5.04		shrub
6.01		no evidence
6.02	Mott, J. J.; McKeon, G. M.; Moore, C. J. (1976) Effects of seed bed conditions on the germination of four Stylosanthes species in the Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1976, Vol.27, No.6, pp.811-823, 17 ref.	AB: "Removal of the seed pod and scarification stimulated higher germination rates than heat treatment of intact seed pods and increased the rate for S. scabra, the slowest germinating species, from 4.2% to 89.9% after 10 days at 26 deg C with constant illumination."
6.03		no evidence [unique shrubby stylo]
6.04	http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/Pf000068.HTM	According to Stace (1982), shrubby stylo is normally a true breeding fixed heterozygote, an allotetraploid with 2n = 40 chromosomes, 98.2 percent self-pollinating and 1.8 percent outbreeding
6.05	http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/Pf000068.HTM	According to Stace (1982), shrubby stylo is normally a true breeding fixed heterozygote, an allotetraploid with 2n = 40 chromosomes, 98.2 percent self-pollinating and 1.8 percent outbreeding [pea flower, bee pollinated]
6.06		no evidence
6.07	(1) Gardener, C. J. (1993) The colonization of a tropical grassland by Stylosanthes from seed transported in cattle faeces. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1993, Vol.44, No.2, pp.299-315, 31 ref. (2) Middleton, C. H. (1983) Fitzroy stylo grazing trial - objectives and progress results. Tropical Grasslands, 1983, Vol.17, No.2, pp.89-90	(1) "The first recruitment of Stylosanthes in the grassland occurred during the third growing season." (2) "No seed was set in the 1st yr and by March the following yr there were still 7 plants/m2." [don't know if this information is relevant]
7.01		no evidence
7.02	Barnes, P. (1999) Establishment and production of oversown and pure-sown forage legumes in savanna environments in Ghana. People and rangelands: building the future. Proceedings of the VI International Rangeland Congress, Townsville, Queensland, Australia, 19-23 July, 1999. Volumes 1 and 2., 1999, pp.300-301, 7 ref.	AB: "In a comparison of 20 forage legume accessions for herbage productivity and chemical composition, the highest yield was given by Stylosanthes scabra , followed by Centrosema brasilianum and Macroptilium axillare . " [a widely-used forage species]
7.03		no evidence
7.04		no evidence
7.05		no evidence
7.06		no evidence
7.07		no evidence of external transport
7.08	(1)Gardener, C. J. (1993) The colonization of a tropical grassland by Stylosanthes from seed transported in cattle faeces. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1993, Vol.44, No.2, pp.299-315, 31 ref. (2)http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/beef/3308.html	(1) "Seed content in the cattle faeces reached a peak at the end of the wet season and accounted for 8% of seed production. Only 1.5% of the seed excreted in the grassland grew into established plants despite most seeds being viable. Varying the amount of grass had little effect on establishment. The two short-lived herbaceous species, S. guianensis and S. hamata, were more efficient colonizers (i.e. produced more seedlings per unit biomass) than the more perennial shrubby types of S. scabra and S. viscosa. The former two species produced more seeds per unit biomass and more plants per unit of seed in the faeces. " (2)Stock will transport seed in their dung.
8.01	(1) Kanodia, K. C.; Dwivedi, G. K.; Rai, P. (1985) Stylo seed production as influenced by phosphorus application. Indian Journal of Range Management, 1985, Vol.6, No.1/2, pp.67-68, 4 ref. (2) Cameron, A.G. (1999) Shrubby Stylos. Agnote 563 No. E4 ISSN No: 0157-8243 Avaialble at: <http://www.nt.gov.au/dbird/dpif/pubcat/agnotes/pastures/563.pdf>	(1) AB: "S. scabra strains EC-40289 and EC-40205, gave av. seed yields of 349.7, 203.9 kg/ha, resp without P fertilizer. " (2) There are 400,000 seeds per kilogram with pods and 800,000 without pods [with the average production of 276.8 kg/ha = 11072-11144 seeds/m2]
8.02	Mott, J. J.; Winter, W. H.; McLean, R. W. (1989) Management options for increasing the productivity of tropical savanna pastures. IV. Population biology of introduced Stylosanthes spp. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1989, Vol.40, No.6, pp.1227-1240, 23 ref.	" In S. scabra and S. viscosa, seed softened quickly, the soil seed bank remained small and short-lived, and long term stability depended on the survival of perennating plants rather than seed. "
8.03		no evidence
8.04	(1)Mott, J. J. (1982) Fire and survival of Stylosanthes spp. in the dry savanna woodlands of the Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1982, Vol.33, No.2, pp.203-211, 7 ref. http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4579.html (2)http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/beef/3308.html (3)http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/pastures/4579.html	(1) "A series of burns was carried out during the early and late dry season and early wet season in mixed native grass/legume plots containing S. humilis, S. hamata, S. scabra and S. viscosa. The least mortality was shown by S. scabra but its survival was poor in swards >3 yr old." (2)Both Seca and Siran [cultvars] tolerate heavy grazing (3)Fire and frost can destroy the top growth, but the plant reshoots from the base
8.05		no evidence