Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service
Information on
Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Strophanthus preussii
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: 0
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
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Strophanthus preussii Engl. & Pax; Preuss' strophanthus, corkscrew flower, spider tresses, poison arrow vine, climbing oleander, Foo Manchu plant |
Answer |
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|
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
|
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
|
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
|
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
|
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
n |
|
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
|
|
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
|
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
|
|
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
1 |
|
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
n |
|
Total score: |
0 |
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Supporting data:
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Notes |
Source |
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1.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
1.02 |
no evidence |
|
|
1.03 |
no evidence |
|
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2.01 |
Distributional range: |
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. |
|
2.02 |
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|
2.03 |
(1)Frost-tender plants (2)Forest edge habitats 50-1140 m |
(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500461.html (2)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast |
|
2.04 |
Distributional range: |
USDA, ARS, National Genetic
Resources Program. |
|
2.05 |
(1) Japan, (2) Florida, UK |
(1) http://www.yonemura.co.jp/zukan/zukan-f/naiyou/strophanthus0.htm (2) http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/60444/index.html |
|
3.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.02 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.04 |
no evidence |
|
|
3.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.01 |
no decription of these traits |
http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500461.html |
|
4.02 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.04 |
no direct evidence on this species but the genus have many poisonous members |
http://84.1911encyclopedia.org/S/ST/STROPHANTHUS.htm |
|
4.05 |
Strophanthus spp. are very poisonous and were used to tip poison arrows [poisonous to animals but no evidence that animals eat them] |
http://64.233.179.104/search?q=cache:lvxFEVHjic8J:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/urbanhort/publications/PDF/Ornamental%2520 |
|
4.06 |
no evidence |
|
|
4.07 |
(1)"Parts of plant are poisonous if ingested" (2)Strophanthus spp. are very poisonous and were used to tip poison arrows. [milky sap, presumed dangerous to children] |
(1)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/60444/index.html
(2)http://64.233.179.104/search?q=cache:lvxFEVHjic8J:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/urbanhort/publications/PDF/Ornamental%2520 |
|
4.08 |
no evidence [evergreen] |
|
|
4.09 |
(1)prefer a partly shaded position and fertile, humus-rich but well drained soil. (2)S. preussii requires a partially shaded area |
(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500461.html
(2)http://64.233.179.104/search?q=cache:lvxFEVHjic8J:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/urbanhort/publications/PDF/Ornamental%2520 |
|
4.1 |
(1)prefer a partly shaded position and fertile, humus-rich but well drained soil. (2)prefers a fertile, humus-rich soil, needs good drainage |
(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500461.html (2)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Apocynaceae/Strophanthus_preussii.html |
|
4.11 |
Climbing shrub, to 12 feet or more |
http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500461.html |
|
4.12 |
no evidence |
|
|
5.01 |
terrestrial |
|
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5.02 |
liana, Apocynaceae |
|
|
5.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
5.04 |
woody climber |
|
|
6.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.02 |
Propagate from softwood cuttings or seeds |
http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500461.html |
|
6.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.04 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.05 |
very unusual stringy petals and wide corolla throat. May attract specialized polinators] |
http://www.nparks.gov.sg/nursery/uploadfiles/strophanthusdivaricatus02flo.JPG |
|
6.06 |
no evidence |
|
|
6.07 |
can be grown as an annual |
http://www.styers.com/annlist.html |
|
7.01 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.02 |
an ornamental |
|
|
7.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.04 |
Follicles 2, divaricate. Seeds numerous, with beaked apical coma. |
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=131774 |
|
7.05 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.06 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.07 |
no evidence |
|
|
7.08 |
no evidence |
|
|
8.01 |
Follicles 2, divaricate. Seeds numerous, with beaked apical coma. [chracteristics of the genus] |
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=131774 |
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8.02 |
no evidence |
|
|
8.03 |
no evidence |
|
|
8.04 |
no evidence |
|
|
8.05 |
no evidence |
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