Stromanthe macrochlamys (Woodson & Standley) H. A. Kennedy & Nicolson. Family - Marantaceae. Common Names(s) - NA. Synonym(s) - Calathea macrochlamys Woodson & Standley.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

-1

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Oaxaca, 30-90 meters, common along roadsides in cut-over forest land...In gross appearance the present plant is very unlike any of the numerous species of Calathea that form so prominent a part of the vegetation in the humid lowlands of southern Mexico and Central America.

(1)Standley, P.C. STUDIES OF AMERICAN PLANTS— XI. Fieldiana. Botany series 22(3). Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago,

2.02

2.03

(1)Oaxaca, 30-90 meters, common along roadsides in cut-over forest land...In gross appearance the present plant is very unlike any of the numerous species of Calathea that form so prominent a part of the vegetation in the humid lowlands of southern Mexico and Central America. [probably not if found in humid tropics with small elevational range]

(1)Standley, P.C. STUDIES OF AMERICAN PLANTS— XI. Fieldiana. Botany series 22(3). Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago,

2.04

(1)Oaxaca, 30-90 meters, common along roadsides in cut-over forest land...In gross appearance the present plant is very unlike any of the numerous species of Calathea that form so prominent a part of the vegetation in the humid lowlands of southern Mexico and Central America.

(1)Standley, P.C. STUDIES OF AMERICAN PLANTS— XI. Fieldiana. Botany series 22(3). Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago,

2.05

3.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 09 Dec 2008]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 09 Dec 2008]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 09 Dec 2008]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 09 Dec 2008]

3.05

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 09 Dec 2008]

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Standley, P.C. STUDIES OF AMERICAN PLANTS— XI. Fieldiana. Botany series 22(3). Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago,.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1)Plants large and coarse, a meter high or more, the scape bearing a large leaf, sparsely pilose with subappressed hairs; leaves long-petiolate, stiff and paper-like, the callus 8.5-11 cm. long; leaf blades oval or broadly oblong, about 50 cm. long and 18-20 cm. wide, rounded and apiculate at the apex, rounded and abruptly contracted at the base, almost concolorous [no evidence based on habit]

(1)Standley, P.C. 1952. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana. Botany series v. 24, part 3. Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

Unknown

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)Food listed as one of the uses of this species [no evidence of allergies or toxicity] (2)Stromanthe sp. Pume: kai. Spanish: ? Voucher: TLG 102. Habitat: dry forest. The taproots are pounded until fibrous and mixed into fish soup to add starch. No published references were found to the use of this genus by other indigenous or non-indigenous groups in South America

(1)Faminow, M.D. and E. A. Rodriguez. 2001. BIODIVERSITY OF FLORA AND FAUNA IN SHADED COFFEE SYSTEMS. International Centre for Research in Agroforestry. Lima, Peru. (2)Gragson, T.L. 1997. The Use of Underground Plant Organs and Its Relation to Habitat Selection among the Pumé Indians of Venezuela. Economic Botany 51(4): 377-384.

4.08

(1)Wet forest, 150-200 meters; Huehuetenango (between Ixcan and Rio Ixcan, Steyermark 49250). Oaxaca; Tabasco. [grows in wet understory]

(1)Standley, P.C. 1952. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana. Botany series v. 24, part 3. Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago.

4.09

(1)Wet forest, 150-200 meters; Huehuetenango (between Ixcan and Rio Ixcan, Steyermark 49250). Oaxaca; Tabasco. [probably if an understory plant] (2)excellent for shaded sites where the soil is rich and moderately moist [generic description]

(1)Standley, P.C. 1952. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana. Botany series v. 24, part 3. Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago. (2)Everett, T.H. 1980. The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Taylor & Francis. New York, NY.

4.10

(1)excellent for shaded sites where the soil is rich and moderately moist [generic description]

(1)Everett, T.H. 1980. The New York Botanical Garden Illustrated Encyclopedia of Horticulture. Taylor & Francis. New York, NY.

4.11

(1)Plants large and coarse, a meter high or more, the scape bearing a large leaf, sparsely pilose with subappressed hairs; leaves long-petiolate, stiff and paper-like, the callus 8.5-11 cm. long; leaf blades oval or broadly oblong, about 50 cm. long and 18-20 cm. wide, rounded and apiculate at the apex, rounded and abruptly contracted at the base, almost concolorous.

(1)Standley, P.C. 1952. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana. Botany series v. 24, part 3. Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago.

4.12

Unknown

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Standley, P.C. STUDIES OF AMERICAN PLANTS— XI. Fieldiana. Botany series 22(3). Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago.

5.02

(1)Marantaceae

(1)Standley, P.C. STUDIES OF AMERICAN PLANTS— XI. Fieldiana. Botany series 22(3). Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago.

5.03

(1)Marantaceae

(1)Standley, P.C. STUDIES OF AMERICAN PLANTS— XI. Fieldiana. Botany series 22(3). Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago.

5.04

(1)Propagation Methods: By dividing rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs (including offsets) [description for related species S. sanguinea, so may contain underground storage structures] (2)Stromanthe sp. Pume: kai. Spanish: ? Voucher: TLG 102. Habitat: dry forest. The taproots are pounded until fibrous and mixed into fish soup to add starch. No published references were found to the use of this genus by other indigenous or non-indigenous groups in South America [Stromanthes with taproot]

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/59470/ [Accessed 09 Dec 2008] (2)Gragson, T.L. 1997. The Use of Underground Plant Organs and Its Relation to Habitat Selection among the Pumé Indians of Venezuela. Economic Botany 51(4): 377-384.

6.01

(1)produces seed in native habitat

(1)Standley, P.C. 1952. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana. Botany series v. 24, part 3. Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago.

6.02

(1)produces seed in native habitat

(1)Standley, P.C. 1952. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana. Botany series v. 24, part 3. Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1)S. porteana is pollinated by one species of Euglossini bee (Eufriesea surinamensis) and two species of hummingbirds (Phaethornis ruber and Amazilia versicolor). The differences between the flowers of these species avoid the sharing and competition for pollinators, which can assure their maintenance in the habitat. [related species of Stromathe hummingbird & euglossine bee pollinated] (2)Reproductive type, pollination. Plants hermaphrodite. Floral nectaries present. Nectar secretion from the gynoecium (via septal nectaries at the summit of the ovary). Pollination entomophilous; mechanism conspicuously specialized (usually with an explosive pollination mechanism, with the style held under tension by the labellum until the latter is moved).

(1)LEITE, A. V. and MACHADO, Isabel Cristina. 2007. Reproductive phenology, floral biology and pollinators of two sympatric species of Marantaceae from an Atlantic forest fragment, northeastern Brazil. Rev. bras. Bot. 30(2): 221-231. (2)http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/marantac.htm [Accessed 09 Dec 2008]

6.06

Unknown

6.07

Unknown

7.01

(1)Probably not - fruit berries - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

(1)Standley, P.C. 1952. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana. Botany series v. 24, part 3. Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago.

7.02

(1)There is a growing demand for species of Calathea, Ctenanthe, Maranta, and Stromanthe as ornamentals.

(1)Prince, L.M. & W. J. Kress. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships and classification in Marantaceae: insights from plastid DNA sequence data. Taxon 55(2): 281–296.

7.03

(1)Probably not - no evidence that the species grow in or around seed crops.

7.04

(1)Stromanthe produced bird-dispersed capsules with arillate seeds

(1)Snow, D.W. 1981. Tropical Frugivorous Birds and Their Food Plants: A World Survey. Biotropica 13(1): 1-14.

7.05

(1)Stromanthe produced bird-dispersed capsules with arillate seeds

(1)Snow, D.W. 1981. Tropical Frugivorous Birds and Their Food Plants: A World Survey. Biotropica 13(1): 1-14.

7.06

(1)Stromanthe produced bird-dispersed capsules with arillate seeds

(1)Snow, D.W. 1981. Tropical Frugivorous Birds and Their Food Plants: A World Survey. Biotropica 13(1): 1-14.

7.07

(1)Probably not - no evidence that propagules have any means of attachment.

(1)Standley, P.C. 1952. Flora of Guatemala. Fieldiana. Botany series v. 24, part 3. Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago.

7.08

(1)Stromanthe produced bird-dispersed capsules with arillate seeds

(1)Snow, D.W. 1981. Tropical Frugivorous Birds and Their Food Plants: A World Survey. Biotropica 13(1): 1-14.

8.01

Unknown

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown