Sterculia foetida L. Family - Sterculiaceae. Common Names(s) - Java olive, skunk tree. Synonym(s) - Sterculia polyphylla R. Br.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3+

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)indigenous to an immense area of the Old World tropics, from tropical Central Africa eastward through Madagascar, India, Malaysia and into northern Australia.

(1)Riffle, R. L. 1998. The Tropical Look: An Encucopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, Oregon.

2.02

(1)indigenous to an immense area of the Old World tropics, from tropical Central Africa eastward through Madagascar, India, Malaysia and into northern Australia.

(1)Riffle, R. L. 1998. The Tropical Look: An Encucopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, Oregon.

2.03

(1)S. foetida is adapted to hot tropical climates on a variety of soil types, with medium to high rainfall and a 3-4 months dry period. - Altitude range: 0 - 1000 m
- Mean annual rainfall: 1000 - 3500 mm
- Rainfall regime: bimodal; uniform
- Dry season duration: 3 - 4 months
- Mean annual temperature: 25 - 35ºC
- Absolute minimum temperature: > 0ºC

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.04

(1)indigenous to an immense area of the Old World tropics, from tropical Central Africa eastward through Madagascar, India, Malaysia and into northern Australia.

(1)Riffle, R. L. 1998. The Tropical Look: An Encucopedia of Dramatic Landscape Plants. Timber Press. Portland, Oregon.

2.05

(1)Cultivated. Guangdong (Guangzhou), Guangxi, S Hainan (Sanya) [Cambodia, India, Indonesia, ?Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam; native to India, now cultivated in tropical Africa, N Australia, and South America].

(1)http://www.foc.org/china/mss/volume12/Sterculiaceae.pdf [Accessed 04 Mar 2009]

3.01

(1)Location of reproduction; number of plants or area covered: Mayaguez; less than 1000 plants (2)Ocassionally grown for ornament and often naturalized in Puerto Rico.

(1)Francis, John K; Liogier, Henri A. 1991. Naturalized exotic tree species in Puerto Rico. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-82. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 12 p. (2)Liogier, A. H., Brother Alain, Luis Felipe Martorell. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: A Systematic Synopsis. Editorial UPR. San Juan, Puerto Rico.

3.02

(1)Sterculia foetida seems to be a rather weedy species of uncertain origin. (2)Listed as a weed in Puerto Rico, but with no indication if impacts

(1)http://www.foc.org/china/mss/volume12/Sterculiaceae.pdf [Accessed 04 Mar 2009] (2)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/sterculia_foetida/ [Accessed 04 Mar 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/sterculia_foetida/ [Accessed 04 Mar 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/sterculia_foetida/ [Accessed 04 Mar 2009]

3.05

(1)Sterculia africana listed as a weed in Egypt…Sterculia apetala listed as a weed in Puerto Rico [no evidence of impacts of if species are being controlled]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 04 Mar 2009]

4.01

(1)S. foetida is a medium to large tree 30-40 m in height, with a d.b.h. of up to 95 cm [no evidence]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.02

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.04

(1)Fodder: S. foetida leaves contain up to 2.66% calcium and are also a good source of protein and phosphorus, meeting nutritional requirements of ruminants. The kernel meal contains about 31% crude protein. Fibre: Cord is made from the bark fibre.

(1)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=98 [Accessed 04 Mar 2009]

4.05

(1)Fodder: S. foetida leaves contain up to 2.66% calcium and are also a good source of protein and phosphorus, meeting nutritional requirements of ruminants. The kernel meal contains about 31% crude protein. [no evidence of toxicity to animals]

(1)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=98 [Accessed 04 Mar 2009]

4.06

(1)Pests recorded Fungus diseases: Glomerella cingulata (anthracnose) Pests recorded at the family level (Sterculiaceae): Insects: Planococcoides njalensis (west African cocoa mealybug) (2)Pests and diseases In India, S. foetida suffers badly from the larvae of Sylepta balteata. The mortality is very high in the nursery. During feeding, the larva, with the help of silken threads, rolls and spins up the leaf and feeds on it. After eating away the intravenous tissues, the larva moves to other portions of the leaf for feeding. The incidence of the pest varies from 70 to 80%.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=98 [Accessed 04 Mar 2009]

4.07

(1)The seeds may be eaten raw and roasted, or may be used to extract oil. This oil is used as a substitute for olive oil in Indochina (2)Use: The seed kernels are eaten raw. They can also be roasted like chestnuts. They can be soaked to remove the skins before roasting. The seeds can be used for oil. Caution: The seeds eaten in large numbers can cause diarrhoea and headaches. (3)The seeds are edible, although reports vary as to the safety of eating raw seed. Local residents say that their children eat raw seeds with no ill effects. Published reports indicate that the seeds are edible but poisonous when fresh.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)French, B. R. 2006. Food Plants of Papua New Guinea. Privately published. Tasmania, Australia. (3)Staples, G.W and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.08

(1)S. foetida is adapted to hot tropical climates on a variety of soil types, with medium to high rainfall and a 3-4 months dry period. [no evidence that trees reach high enough density to increase fire hazards]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.09

(1)This species is a light demander, and is unable to tolerate shade or long periods of cold weather.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.10

(1)S. foetida is adapted to hot tropical climates on a variety of soil types, with medium to high rainfall and a 3-4 months dry period.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.11

(1)S. foetida is a medium to large tree 30-40 m in height, with a d.b.h. of up to 95 cm

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.12

(1)Sterculia foetida. Density per hectare = 0.3 [Table 1.] [no evidence that tree forms monocultures]

(1)Dittus, W. P. J. 1977. The Ecology of a Semi-Evergreen Forest Community in Sri Lanka. Biotropica, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Dec., 1977), pp. 268-286

5.01

(1)S. foetida is a medium to large tree 30-40 m in height, with a d.b.h. of up to 95 cm

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.02

(1)Sterculiaceae

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.03

(1)Sterculiaceae

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.04

(1)S. foetida is a medium to large tree 30-40 m in height, with a d.b.h. of up to 95 cm

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.02

(1)easily propagated from seed or cuttings.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.03

(1)No evidence of hybridization in genus [fairly well-studied species]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.04

(1)Abstract: The trees of Sterculia foetida, though morphologically andromonoecious, are functionally monoecious, for the morphologically hermaphroditic flowers are pistillate in function due to male sterility. Both flower morphs mature simultaneously and open up a possibility for geitonogamy to occur. But the pistillate flowers are compatible to autcross pollen only and discounting of pollen due to geitonogamous pollinations is compensated by many staminate flowers. Thus, the sexual system enforces total outcrossing and male sterility seems to be a resource saving strategy for investment in fruit development.

(1)Atluri, J. B., Ramana, S. P. Venkata; Reddi, C. Subba. 2004. Sexual system and pollination of Sterculia foetida Linn. Beitraege zur Biologie der Pflanzen 73(2): 223-242.

6.05

(1)This species is a potential source of pollen for bees, and is suitable for use in planting programmes (2)The flowers open during 0700-1000h and are visited by bees for pollen only and by flies for nectar. While foraging, flies contact anthers and stigma by their back, and bring about nototribic pollination, Chrysomya megacephala being the major pollinator by virtue of its frequency of visits and larger body size. Asynchrony in flowering between trees facilitates intertree movements of flies almost en masse with the decline of flowering intensity of a tree. Those flowers in the later part of flowering of a tree are entirely male and, those in the initial period are largely female, and pollen movement between conspecific plants is facilitated by the en masse movement of flies.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Atluri, J. B., Ramana, S. P. Venkata; Reddi, C. Subba. 2004. Sexual system and pollination of Sterculia foetida Linn. Beitraege zur Biologie der Pflanzen 73(2): 223-242.

6.06

(1)Propagate by seeds or cuttings [no evidence of vegetative spread]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.07

(1)Tree Management The rate of growth is fairly rapid in early stages but soon slows down. S. foetida demands light and needs a lot of space for proper development.

(1)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=98 [Accessed 04 Mar 2009]

7.01

(1)Fruit with 1-5 follicles, thick-walled, bright red, opening at maturity. Seeds 10-17, ellipsoid, ca. 1" x 0.25" [large seeds with no means of external attachment]

(1)Staples, G.W and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

7.02

(1)S. foetida is a common roadside species, is used for shade, amenity and as an ornamental; but is almost unknown as a plantation species because of its poor-quality wood

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.03

(1)seeds 10-15, slate-coloured, ellipsoid, oblong, 1.5-1.8 cm with rudimentary yellow aril. [unlikely, relatively large seeds]

(1)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=98 [Accessed 04 Mar 2009]

7.04

(1)Fruit with 1-5 follicles, thick-walled, bright red, opening at maturity. Seeds 10-17, ellipsoid, ca. 1" x 0.25" [large seeds not wind dispersed]

(1)Staples, G.W and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

7.05

(1)The following list the stranded fruits, seeds and other drift collected on Kauai beaches: list includes Java olive, Sterculia foetida

(1)Sullivan, C. J., T. Flynn and G. Sullivan. 2006. Stranded Fruits, Seeds And Other Drift On Kauai Beaches. The Drifting Seed 12(2): 7-9.

7.06

(1)TABLE 4. Diplochorous species of Krakatau involving secondary endogenous transport by birds and/or bats, having colonized by sea or human agencies. [Sterculia foetida listed as sea colonist, bird-spread]

Krakatau, Indonesia. Journal of Biogeography, Vol. 21, No. 3:. 245-258.

7.07

(1)Fruit with 1-5 follicles, thick-walled, bright red, opening at maturity. Seeds 10-17, ellipsoid, ca. 1" x 0.25" [large seeds with no means of external attachment]

(1)Staples, G.W and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

7.08

(1)TABLE 4. Diplochorous species of Krakatau involving secondary endogenous transport by birds and/or bats, having colonized by sea or human agencies. [Sterculia foetida listed as sea colonist, bird-spread]

Krakatau, Indonesia. Journal of Biogeography, Vol. 21, No. 3:. 245-258.

8.01

(1)Deciduous trees 20-115' tall...Fruit with 1-5 follicles, thick-walled, bright red, opening at maturity. Seeds 10-17, ellipsoid, ca. 1" x 0.25" [fairly large seeded, but trees can reach large size and may be capable of high seed densities]

(1)Staples, G.W and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

8.02

(1)Storage Behaviour: Orthodox p Storage Conditions: No problem of storage for "long periods of time" (Doai Van Nguyen, pers. com.) (2)The mechanical scarification of the seed coat was effective in overcoming the dormancy of seeds of various species with impermeable seed coat, such as Psidium araçá Raddi (Cruz et al. 1997), Leucaena diversifolia (Schltoll.) Benth. (Bertalot e Nakagawa 1998), Bauhinia monandra Kurz e B. (Bertalot and Nakagawa 1998), Bauhinia monandra Kurz and B. ungulata L. ungulata L. (Alves et al. 2000), Sterculia foetida L. (Alves et al. 2000), Sterculia foetida L. (Santos et al., 2004), Bauhinia divaricata L. (Santos et al., 2004), Bauhinia divaricata L. (Alves et. al. 2004) e Erythrina velutina Willd. (Alves et. Al. 2004) and Erythrina velutina Willd. (Silva 2008). (Silva 2008).

(1) Liu, K., Eastwood, R.J., Flynn, S., Turner, R.M., and Stuppy, W.H. 2008. Seed Information Database (release 7.1, May 2008) http://www.kew.org/data/sid (2)Santos, T. O. dos; Morais, T. G. de O.; Matos, V. P. 2004. Mechanical scarfication on seeds of Sterculia foetida L. Revista Arvore 28(1): 1-6.

8.03

Unknown [no evidence of control of S. foetida]

8.04

(1)- Ability to self-prune; coppice

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.05

Unknown