Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Solandra maxima (Chalice vine, cup of gold)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)Naturalizes to some extent in Hawai‘i. Escaped from cultivation on Norfolk Island. [Is it really naturalized or just an occasional escape?.] (2)Appears on flora list for Norfolk Island [no details given]

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/somax.htm (2)http://www.anbg.gov.au/norfolk.gardens/norfolk.plant.list.html

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Origin Mexico (2)Native of Mexico, Columbia and Venezuela (3)widely planted in tropical and subtropical gardens.

(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500442.html (2)http://www.rareflora.com/solandramax.htm (3)http://www.hear.org/pier3/somax.htm

2.02

2.03

(1)Dry to moist forests and open areas. (2)USDA zones 10 to 11a (3)Hardiness zones 8b to 11 (4)USDA zones 10-11(5)Specimen collections ranging from 390-2000 m elevation

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/somax.htm (2)Horticopia Plant Master. CD-ROM database. 5.5. (3)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/31444/ (4)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sola_max.cfm (5)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast

2.04

(1)Origin Mexico (2)Native of Mexico, Columbia and Venezuela

(1)http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500442.html (2)http://www.rareflora.com/solandramax.htm

2.05

widely planted in tropical and subtropical gardens.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/somax.htm

3.01

(1)Naturalizes to some extent in Hawai‘i. Escaped from cultivation on Norfolk Island. [Is it really naturalized or just an occasional escape?.] (2)Appears on flora list for Norfolk Island [no details given]

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/somax.htm (2)http://www.anbg.gov.au/norfolk.gardens/norfolk.plant.list.html

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

listed on HEAR and DOWFA webpages, No evidence given

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

http://www.hear.org/pier3/somax.htm

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No information

4.05

probably yes as is it is reported toxic to humans but No evidence that animals eat it, so it is not a problem -

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Solansp.htm

4.06

No information on pests associated with this species.

4.07

(1)All parts of plant are poisonous if ingested (2)The chalice vines are related to the angel trumpets (Datura spp. and Brugmansia spp.), and like them, have hallucinogenic properties. (3)For Solandra species in general - Poisonous Part Leaves and flowers.
Symptoms
Headache, in-coordination, excitability, stomach pain, lowered temperature, dilated pupils, paralysis, vomiting, diarrhea, shock, respiratory depression; may be fatal.
Toxic Principle
Alkaloids solanine, solanidine and others. [used as a hallucinogen]

(1)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/31444/ (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sola_max.cfm (3)http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Solansp.htm

4.08

possibly if branches dieback (no evidence)

4.09

(1)LIGHT : full/partial sun (2)Cup of gold thrives in full sun to partial shade. (3)Full sun (4)Pollen of the sun loving Solandra maxima ... (4)full sun to partial shade

(1)http://www.rareflora.com/solandramax.htm (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sola_max.cfm (3)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/31444/ (4)Feder, W. A. 1992. In vitro germination and tube elongation of pollen populations from a "shade plant" and a "sun plant": differing responses to exposure to UV-B radiation. Plant Cell Incompatibility Newsletter. No.24, pp.15-17, 7 ref. (4)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sola_max.cfm

4.1

(1)Grows in loam soil type. pH neutral (2)Fertile, moist, well-drained soils (3) thrives in most any well-drained soil

(1)Horticopia Plant Master. CD-ROM database. 5.5. (2)Whistler, W.A. 2000 Tropical ornamentals. Timber Press, Portland (3)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sola_max.cfm

4.11

It is a climber but no evidence of it having a smothering habit.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/somax.htm

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Climbing shrub in Solanaceae

http://florawww.eeb.uconn.edu/acc_num/198500442.html

5.02

Climbing shrub in Solanaceae

5.03

Climbing shrub in Solanaceae

5.04

no evidence

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Propagation by seed and stem cuttings.

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Solanaceae/Solandra_maxima.html

6.03

No information regarding hybridization.

6.04

unlikely -- Solanaceae are widely known for their Self-incompatibility

Richman AD, Uyenoyama MK, Kohn JR: 1996. Allelic diversity and gene genealogy at the self-incompatibility locus in the Solanaceae. Science 273:1212

6.05

Flowers large (4-7 inches wide, fragrant, especially at night, reminiscent of coconut) -- [specialist pollinators based on syndrome and little or no fruit set in cultivation]

http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sola_max.cfm

6.06

Horizontal stems frequently root at nodes [allowing reproduction by fragmentation]

http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sola_max.cfm

6.07

No information

7.01

Propagules do not have any means of attachment.

http://www.hear.org/pier3/somax.htm

7.02

Probably yes - 'Striking vine with glossy leaves and large showy white to yellow flowers.'

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Solanaceae/Solandra_maxima.html

7.03

No evidence

7.04

Fruit a berry

7.05

Fruit a berry

7.06

[Fruit is a berry and hence likely to be dispersed by birds].

7.07

No evidence, no means of attachment

7.08

bird dispersal

8.01

(1)Berry conoid, 4-5 cm long. (2)Fruits rarely seen in cultivation

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier3/somax.htm (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sola_max.cfm

8.02

No information on seed size and longevity

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

It tolerates severe pruning and blooms on new growth, so it can be cut back at any time of year

http://www.floridata.com/ref/S/sola_max.cfm

8.05

Don’t know.