Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. Common name - california redwood, coast redwood, redwood. Family: Cupressaceae. Also placed in: Taxodiaceae. Synonyms: Sequoia sempervirens f. pendula (Rovelli) Rehder, Taxodium sempervirens D. Don (basionym).

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated? (If answer is 'no' then go to question 2.01)

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

-2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

4.05

Toxic to animals

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y

1

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

n

0

5.02

Grass

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

5

-1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

Total score:

-4

1.01

No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native: NORTHERN AMERICA
Northwestern U.S.A.: United States - Oregon [s.w. (sw Curry Co.)]
Southwestern U.S.A.: United States - California [n.w. & w.-c.]
(2)"S. sempervirens is distributed from the extreme southwestern corner of Oregon along a coastal

(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (3)http://www.sempervirens.org/sequoiasemp.htm (4)http://www.botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_

2.02

"S. sempervirens has been widely planted throughout the world, particularly in Europe. It thrives in many parts of the United Kingdom, with its best growth in moist valleys with deep soils." Also introduced to South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and par

Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005.

2.03

(1)USDA zones 7 to 10. (2)"Stands of S. sempervirens are naturally distributed from sea level to about 915 m elevation, but the majority of stands are found from 30-760 m elevation." "The Coast Ranges of California which provide much of the habitat of

(1)http://www.laspilitas.com/plants/633.htm (2)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (3)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast

2.04

(1)Native: NORTHERN AMERICA
Northwestern U.S.A.: United States - Oregon [s.w. (sw Curry Co.)]
Southwestern U.S.A.: United States - California [n.w. & w.-c.]
(2)"S. sempervirens is distributed from the extreme southwestern corner of Oregon along a coastal

(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl (2)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (3)http://www.sempervirens.org/sequoiasemp.htm

2.05

"S. sempervirens has been widely planted throughout the world, particularly in Europe. It thrives in many parts of the United Kingdom, with its best growth in moist valleys with deep soils." Also introduced to South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and par

Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005.

3.01

"The Coast Redwood is locally naturalized in New Zealand, notably at Rotorua." [No other evidence of naturalization from other introduced range].

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia

3.02

No evidence.

3.03

No evidence.

3.04

No evidence. "Invasive potential: little invasive potential"

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST589

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

4.02

No evidence

http://plants.nrcs.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=plant_attribute.cgi&symbol=SESE3

4.03

No evidence

4.04

(1)Low palatability to browsing and grazing animals. (2)"ABSTRACT:Throughout its range, coast redwood is subjected to vertebrate feeding damage at various life stages. Although somequantified information exists regarding feeding behavior by black bears a

(1)http://plants.nrcs.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=plant_attribute.cgi&symbol=SESE3 (2)http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:1Nsez_hoXsEJ:ucce.
ucdavis.edu/files/filelibrary/1524/17599.pdf+%22
sequoia+sempervirens%22+grazing%7Cgrazed%7Cgraze&hl=en&ct=cln

4.05

Toxicity none.

http://plants.nrcs.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=plant_attribute.cgi&symbol=SESE3

4.06

Probably not - "S. sempervirens is relatively resistant to pests and pathogens, and no single agent is a major cause of tree mortality. … Furniss and Carolin (1977) list 23 species of insects on S. sempervirens. However, most cause insignificant damage."

4.07

(1)"The biological effect of exposure to wood dust depends on its composition and the content of microorganisms which are an inherent element of the dust. The irritant and allergic effects of wood dust have been recognised for a long time. The allergic ef

(1)Maciejewska A, Wojtczak J, Bielichowska-Cybula G, Domanska A, Dutkiewicz J, Molocznik A. Biological effect of wood dust]. Med Pr. 1993;44(3):277-88. Review. Polish. (2)DOPICO G A ASTHMA DUE TO DUS

4.08

Probably not - An evergreen tree. "The redwood's thick bark, with deep furrows running the length of the trees, is a rich reddish brown. It is this bark that gives the redwoods their excellent fire-resistant quality." [Also the speceis inhabits wet/moist

http://www.sempervirens.org/sequoiasemp.htm

4.09

(1)Tolerates shade. "New seedlings are shade tolerant and require the regular presence of soil moisture until their roots have reached a permanent soil moisture supply. Once they have such roots, they are relatively tolerant of direct light." (2)"Young

(1)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://www.sempervirens.org/sequoiasemp.htm (3)http://plants.nrcs.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=plant_attribute.cgi&symbol=SESE3

4.1

(1)pH range - 6 -7 (2)"Soil types: alluvial soils; calcareous soils; fluvisols; sandstone soils; sandy soils; silty soils." "The largest area of S. sempervirens distribution occurs on soils derived from sandstone parent materials. Small parts of the ra

(1)http://www.laspilitas.com/plants/633.htm (2)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005.

4.11

No evidence.

4.12

No evidence.

5.01

"S. sempervirens is a large tree with pyramidal canopy form with horizontal to drooping branches. The canopy becomes cylindrical with age, with branches absent from the lower half of the trunk. S. sempervirens often reaches heights of 60-100 m, with the t

Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005.

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

Propagation by seed. "The rate of seed germination is generally lower than 15%, with the problem centred in undeveloped embryos. Seed with full embryos germinate at a rate of 80-100%."

6.03

"In Russia, hybridization of redwood with giant sequoia, bald cypress, and Japanese cryptomeria (Cryptomeria japonica) has been reported.
Other attempts to develop a hybrid between coast redwood and giant sequoia by normal controlled-pollination crosses

http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/silvics_manual/Volume_1/sequoia/sempervirens.htm

6.04

"Abstract: Studies of self and related outcross families are reported as a guide to the selection of trees for redwood seed-orchards and breeding-orchards. Compared to outcrosses, selfing produced no additional cone abortion, no consistent effect on numbe

LIBBY W J; MCCUTCHAN B G; MILLAR C I INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN SELFS OF REDWOOD SEQUOIA-SEMPERVIRENS Silvae Genetica 30 (1) : 15-25 1981

6.05

Wind pollinated - S. sempervirens is a gymnosperm.

Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005.

6.06

(1)No evidence of spread by vegetative methods. (2)Vegetative spread rate none.

(1)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://plants.nrcs.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi?earl=plant_attribute.cgi&symbol=SESE3

6.07

(1)"S. sempervirens first bears seed at an age of 5-15 years, but seed viability is generally higher in older trees, with a peak at an age of about 250 years." (2)"Seed production begins at 10-15 years of age …"

(1)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia

7.01

Probably not - no evidence that the species grows in heavy traffic areas.

7.02

(1)"Durability and resistance to attacks by pests and pathogens make coast redwood lumber widely sought after and valuable as lumber for exterior construction and furniture." (2)"Plants available for sale online."

(1)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://www.laspilitas.com/plants/633.htm

7.03

Probably not - no evidence that the species grows in or around seed crops. Also seeds are winged.

7.04

Probaby yes - winged seeds -(1) "They include 15-20 oblique shield-shaped scales that are terminated in a flattened spine. There are 3-7 ovules erect in a single arched row near the margin of the scales, each with 2-5 seeds. Seeds, which are shed at cone

(1)Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005. (2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia

7.05

No evidence

7.06

No evidence

7.07

Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of evidence.

7.08

No evidence of ingestion.

8.01

(1)"Redwood cones release tiny brown seeds when mature. (They're so small that it takes about 125,000 to make a pound!) A single tree may produce six million seeds in a year. Of these seeds, less than 5% germinate, and of these, very few actually grow int

(1)http://www.sempervirens.org/sequoiasemp.htm (2)http://www.sempervirens.org/sequoiasemp.htm

8.02

"Seed storage recalcitrant"
"Stored seed loses its dormancy rapidly, usually within three years. No pretreatment is necessary for seed germination, but the speed of germination is increased by soaking seeds overnight in aerated water."

Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

"S. sempervirens resprouts readily in nature from root crowns and stumps. Such sprouting from dormant meristems is visible within 2-3 weeks after logging. Each sprout develops its own root system as it grows and eventually sprouts form rings of new trees

Reproduced from the Forestry Compendium. © CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 2005.

8.05

Don’t know.