Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service
Information on
Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Evaluate, score: 0
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
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Senna surattensis |
Answer |
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1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
|
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
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1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
|
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
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2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
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2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
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2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
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3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
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3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
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3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
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3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
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3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
y |
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4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
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4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
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4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
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4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
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4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
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4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
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4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
|
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
|
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
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4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
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5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
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5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
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5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
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5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
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6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
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6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
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6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
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6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
n |
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6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
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6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
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7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
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7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
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7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
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7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
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7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
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|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
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8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
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8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
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8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
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8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
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8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
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Total score: |
0 |
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Supporting data:
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Source |
Notes |
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1.01 |
no evidence |
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1.02 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
planted in India, Burma, Indochina, Philippine Islands, Caroline and Society Islands sometimes escaping. In Hawai‘i, "sparingly naturalized". NOTE: Plants found naturalized in Hawai‘i are usually the similar-looking species Senna pendula. |
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1.03 |
no evidence |
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2.01 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
Native to S.E. Asia (Decription in Wagner is wrong), planted in India, Burma, Indochina, Philippine Islands, Caroline and Society Islands, Hawaii; sometimes escaping |
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2.02 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
based on distribution |
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2.03 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
tropical/subtropical distribution |
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2.04 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
Native to S.E. Asia, planted in India, Burma, Indochina, Philippine Islands, Caroline and Society Islands, Hawaii; sometimes escaping |
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2.05 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
planted in India, Burma, Indochina, Philippine Islands, Caroline and Society Islands, Hawaii; sometimes escaping |
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3.01 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
planted in India, Burma, Indochina, Philippine Islands, Caroline and Society Islands, Hawaii; sometimes escaping |
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3.02 |
not listed in "World Weed" |
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3.03 |
not listed in "World Weed" |
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3.04 |
no evidence |
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3.05 |
http://www.weeds.org.au/noxious.htm |
5 Senna spp. Are listed as noxious weeds in Australia |
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4.01 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
p.702 |
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4.02 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
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4.03 |
Wagner et al. 1991, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii |
p.702 |
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4.04 |
no evidence, probably not because other Senna/Cassia are used as fodder. |
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4.05 |
Journal of South China Agricultural University, 1996, Vol.17, No.4, pp.82-85, 2 ref. |
use as chicken food |
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4.06 |
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4.07 |
no evidence |
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4.08 |
no evidence |
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4.09 |
http://www.rareflora.com/sennasura.htm 2)http://www.gardenfla.com/databasepages/glaucouscassia.htm |
full sun 2) light requirement: high |
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4.1 |
???No information?? |
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4.11 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
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4.12 |
no evidence |
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5.01 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
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5.02 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
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5.03 |
Boa, E., and J. Lenn@e. 1994. Diseases of Nitrogen Fixing Trees in Developing Countries. An annotated list. 82 |
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5.04 |
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6.01 |
no evidence |
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6.02 |
grown from seed |
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6.03 |
no evidence |
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6.04 |
no evidence |
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6.05 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
generalist flower, visited by bees (personal observation) |
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6.06 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
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6.07 |
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7.01 |
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7.02 |
as oramental |
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7.03 |
seeds not small enough |
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7.04 |
seeds not small enough (gravity dispersed?) |
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7.05 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
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7.06 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
no morphological adaptation, pods lack pulp so probably not bird dispersed |
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7.07 |
Wagner et al. 1990, Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. P.702 |
no morphological adaptation, might be cached by rodents? |
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7.08 |
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8.01 |
5-20 seeds per pod, probably fewer than 1000 per m2 |
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8.02 |
legume with hard seedcoat |
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8.03 |
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8.04 |
no evidence |
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8.05 |
no evidence |
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This page updated 8 March 2005