Semecarpus anacardium L. f. Family - Anacardiaceae. Common Names(s) - Marking nut tree.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

?

-1

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

0

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

5

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)- Altitude range: 0 - 1000 m - Mean annual rainfall: 1000 - 2500 mm - Rainfall regime: uniform - Mean annual temperature: 21 - 36ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 35 - 42ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 6 - 29ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: 2 - 7ºC...Asia Bangladesh natural Cambodia natural [India]     Andhra Pradesh planted     Assam natural     Gujarat natural     Kerala natural     Madhya Pradesh natural and planted     Maharashtra natural     Orissa natural     Sikkim natural     Tamil Nadu natural and planted     Uttar Pradesh planted     West Bengal natural Myanmar natural Philippines natural Sri Lanka natural Thailand natural Africa Africa (as a whole) planted Oceania Australia natural

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

(1)- Altitude range: 0 - 1000 m - Mean annual rainfall: 1000 - 2500 mm - Rainfall regime: uniform - Mean annual temperature: 21 - 36ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 35 - 42ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 6 - 29ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: 2 - 7ºC...Asia Bangladesh natural Cambodia natural [India]     Andhra Pradesh planted     Assam natural     Gujarat natural     Kerala natural     Madhya Pradesh natural and planted     Maharashtra natural     Orissa natural     Sikkim natural     Tamil Nadu natural and planted     Uttar Pradesh planted     West Bengal natural Myanmar natural Philippines natural Sri Lanka natural Thailand natural Africa Africa (as a whole) planted Oceania Australia natural

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.03

(1) The tree occurs up to 1000 m altitude scattered throughout the hotter parts of India and other countries of south and South-East Asia, preferring moderately damp sites and tolerant of seasonal waterlogging. [elevation range of 1000 m]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.04

(1)- Altitude range: 0 - 1000 m - Mean annual rainfall: 1000 - 2500 mm - Rainfall regime: uniform - Mean annual temperature: 21 - 36ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 35 - 42ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 6 - 29ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: 2 - 7ºC...Asia Bangladesh natural Cambodia natural [India]     Andhra Pradesh planted     Assam natural     Gujarat natural     Kerala natural     Madhya Pradesh natural and planted     Maharashtra natural     Orissa natural     Sikkim natural     Tamil Nadu natural and planted     Uttar Pradesh planted     West Bengal natural Myanmar natural Philippines natural Sri Lanka natural Thailand natural Africa Africa (as a whole) planted Oceania Australia natural

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

(1)- Altitude range: 0 - 1000 m - Mean annual rainfall: 1000 - 2500 mm - Rainfall regime: uniform - Mean annual temperature: 21 - 36ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 35 - 42ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: 6 - 29ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: 2 - 7ºC...Asia Bangladesh natural Cambodia natural [India]     Andhra Pradesh planted     Assam natural     Gujarat natural     Kerala natural     Madhya Pradesh natural and planted     Maharashtra natural     Orissa natural     Sikkim natural     Tamil Nadu natural and planted     Uttar Pradesh planted     West Bengal natural Myanmar natural Philippines natural Sri Lanka natural Thailand natural Africa Africa (as a whole) planted Oceania Australia natural (2)cultivated in tropical Asia, Australia and Africa

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://202.62.105.248/mrc_en/doclib.nsf/0/241D7B9372254B3047256B83002D9A1C/$FILE/APPENDIX%20A.html [Accessed 18 Aug 2009]

3.01

(1)No evidence (2)Standley (Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 27:241, 1928) reported that trees of Semecarpus anacardium L. f. were planted at Ancon. The genus Semecarpus is not included in this treatment as there is no evidence of its spread in Panama, either by naturalization or cultivation.

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 18 Aug 2009] (2)Woodson, Jr. R. E., R. W. Schery, W. H. Blackwell, Jr., and C. H. Dodson. 1967. Flora of Panama. Part VI. Family 101. Anacardiaceae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 54(3): 351-379.

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 18 Aug 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 18 Aug 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 18 Aug 2009]

3.05

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 18 Aug 2009]

4.01

(1)A medium sized deciduous tree with a low spreading crown.

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

4.02

(1)The pure S. robusta forest (managed by the local community) was highly dominated by S. robusta, while the mixed S. robusta forest (government managed, with free access for local people), was heterogenous and equally dominated by S. robusta and Terminalia alata. Other major associated species were Semecarpus anacardium, Adina cordifolia, Syzygium cumini, Bombax ceiba and Acacia catechu. [no mention or evidence of allelopathic effects on other plants]

(1)Paudel, S. and J. P Sah. 2003. Physiochemical characteristics of soil in tropical sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) forests in eastern Nepal. Him J Sci 1(2): 107-110.

4.03

(1)A medium sized deciduous tree with a low spreading crown.

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

4.04

(1) The wood is not used much, due to a black corrosive juice that exudes from the bark when cut, which causes blisters to the skin on contact [fruit consumed and seeds dispersed by mammals; foliage probably unpalatable due to toxicity] (2)Not used as a fodder crop

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Bishokarma, B.K., C.K. Kinsey, D.R. Dangol and P. Chaudhary. 1999. Folk use of plant resource at Madi valley of Chitwan District, Nepal. Banko Janakari 15(2): 28-33.

4.05

(1) The wood is not used much, due to a black corrosive juice that exudes from the bark when cut, which causes blisters to the skin on contact [sap likely toxic to other animals as well]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.06

(1)Insects: Acrocercops gemoniella Ceroplastes ceriferus (Indian wax scale) Pests recorded at the family level (Anacardiaceae): Insects: Eulecanium tiliae (nut scale)

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.07

(1)The wood is not used much, due to a black corrosive juice that exudes from the bark when cut, which causes blisters to the skin on contact

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.08

(1)It coppices readily, can bear fertile seeds from an early age and is reported to be highly resistant to fire [unlikely to increase fire risk]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.09

(1) It grows on a variety of soils and is a moderate shade-bearer...- Tolerates fire; shade

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.10

(1) It grows on a variety of soils and is a moderate shade-bearer...Soil descriptors - Soil texture: light; medium - Soil drainage: free; seasonally waterlogged - Soil reaction: neutral; alkaline - Special soil tolerances: shallow (2)Mode of propagation: This plant propagated through seeds. It grows on a variety of soils.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Somashekhar, B. S. and M. Sharma. 2002. Propagation Techniques of Commercially Important Medicinal Plants. Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions, Bangalore, India.

4.11

(1)A medium sized deciduous tree with a low spreading crown.

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

4.12

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

5.02

(1)Anacardiaceae

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

5.03

(1)Anacardiaceae

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

5.04

(1)A medium sized deciduous tree with a low spreading crown.

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

6.02

(1) It is self-seeded, or can be direct sown or planted as seedlings.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

(1)Abstract: Semecarpus anacardium flowers during rainy season in India. It is polygamous but functionally each tree is biased in favour of only one sex type, bisexual or male flowers. The bisexual and male-biased trees occur in 1:1 ratio. This species exhibits a transitional sexual system associated with androdioecy. The bisexual-biased trees are destined for fruit setting while male-biased ones for pollen supply. The latter, however, are almost of no use to bisexual-biased trees because of asynchronous flowering between bisexual- and male-biased trees. The bisexual flowers are self-compatible and breed through geitonogamy and xenogamy only, representing a facultative xenogamous breeding system. S. anacardium flowers belong to the fly-pollination syndrome but they are foraged by various insects including-flies, bees, wasps, thrips, ants, and butterflies. Of these, flies and bees are principal pollinators. The fruit set under natural pollination is 8-16%. The remaining percentage of flowers aborts at bud stage or left unpollinated. The study indicates that the fruit set could be enhanced by managing breeding material required by flies and nesting habitats required by bees.

(1)Raju, A. J. Solomon and Rao, S. Purnachandra. 2004. Reproductive ecology of a valuable non-timber forest tree species, Semecarpus anacardium (Anacardiaceae). Beitraege zur Biologie der Pflanzen Volume 73(2): 271-289.

6.05

(1)Abstract: Semecarpus anacardium flowers during rainy season in India. It is polygamous but functionally each tree is biased in favour of only one sex type, bisexual or male flowers. The bisexual and male-biased trees occur in 1:1 ratio. This species exhibits a transitional sexual system associated with androdioecy. The bisexual-biased trees are destined for fruit setting while male-biased ones for pollen supply. The latter, however, are almost of no use to bisexual-biased trees because of asynchronous flowering between bisexual- and male-biased trees. The bisexual flowers are self-compatible and breed through geitonogamy and xenogamy only, representing a facultative xenogamous breeding system. S. anacardium flowers belong to the fly-pollination syndrome but they are foraged by various insects including-flies, bees, wasps, thrips, ants, and butterflies. Of these, flies and bees are principal pollinators. The fruit set under natural pollination is 8-16%. The remaining percentage of flowers aborts at bud stage or left unpollinated. The study indicates that the fruit set could be enhanced by managing breeding material required by flies and nesting habitats required by bees.

(1)Raju, A. J. Solomon and Rao, S. Purnachandra. 2004. Reproductive ecology of a valuable non-timber forest tree species, Semecarpus anacardium (Anacardiaceae). Beitraege zur Biologie der Pflanzen Volume 73(2): 271-289.

6.06

(1) It is self-seeded, or can be direct sown or planted as seedlings [no evidence].

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.07

Unknown

7.01

(1)Fruit 2.5-3.8 cm long, shining, purplish black, seated on a fleshy orange-coloured stalk which is edible [no evidence, and seeds fairly large]

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

7.02

(1)On account of its valuable nuts, the tree is generally reserved and is rarely felled...The swollen pedicel looks like a fruit and after roasting, can be eaten. The pericarp and the kernel both yield an intensely-black liquid used as a marking ink and for dying leather. The kernel can also be eaten but requires careful shelling. The pedicarp produces an oil used in traditional medicine as well as in the paint and lacquer industry, and is used by traditional laundry operators for marking clothes. The wood may be used locally as fuelwood and small-scale industrial feedstock for wood hydrolysates, lignin products, and plastics.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.03

(1)Fruit 2.5-3.8 cm long, shining, purplish black, seated on a fleshy orange-coloured stalk which is edible [no evidence, and seeds fairly large]

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

7.04

(1)Fruit 2.5-3.8 cm long, shining, purplish black, seated on a fleshy orange-coloured stalk which is edible.

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

7.05

(1)Fruit 2.5-3.8 cm long, shining, purplish black, seated on a fleshy orange-coloured stalk which is edible [no evidence of dispersal by water] (2)Semecarpus anacardium L.f...Dispersal...Vertebrate (3)Predominant dispersal mode Mammal [from Table 1]

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. (2)Davidar, P., K. Geetha Nayak and Mohandass Dharmalingam. 2007. Effect of adult density on regeneration success of woody plants in natural and restored tropical dry evergreen forest fragments in Puducherry region, India. CURRENT SCIENCE 92(6): 805-811. (3)Khurana, E., R. Sagar, J.S. Singh. 2006. Seed size: a key trait determining species distribution and diversity of dry tropical forest in northern India 29(2): 196-204.

7.06

(1)Fruit 2.5-3.8 cm long, shining, purplish black, seated on a fleshy orange-coloured stalk which is edible.

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

7.07

(1)Fruit 2.5-3.8 cm long, shining, purplish black, seated on a fleshy orange-coloured stalk which is edible. [possible if mammal dispersers carry fruit away and cache seeds] (2)Semecarpus anacardium L.f...Dispersal...Vertebrate (3)Predominant dispersal mode Mammal [from Table 1]

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. (2)Davidar, P., K. Geetha Nayak and Mohandass Dharmalingam. 2007. Effect of adult density on regeneration success of woody plants in natural and restored tropical dry evergreen forest fragments in Puducherry region, India. CURRENT SCIENCE 92(6): 805-811. (3)Khurana, E., R. Sagar, J.S. Singh. 2006. Seed size: a key trait determining species distribution and diversity of dry tropical forest in northern India 29(2): 196-204.

7.08

(1)Fruit 2.5-3.8 cm long, shining, purplish black, seated on a fleshy orange-coloured stalk which is edible. (2)Semecarpus anacardium L.f...Dispersal...Vertebrate (3)Predominant dispersal mode Mammal [from Table 1]

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. (2)Davidar, P., K. Geetha Nayak and Mohandass Dharmalingam. 2007. Effect of adult density on regeneration success of woody plants in natural and restored tropical dry evergreen forest fragments in Puducherry region, India. CURRENT SCIENCE 92(6): 805-811. (3)Khurana, E., R. Sagar, J.S. Singh. 2006. Seed size: a key trait determining species distribution and diversity of dry tropical forest in northern India 29(2): 196-204.

8.01

(1)Fruit 2.5-3.8 cm long, shining, purplish black, seated on a fleshy orange-coloured stalk which is edible. (2)S. anacardium is a moderate sized, deciduous tree usually up to 15 m tall, girth 0.6 m, with a low spreading crown. [relatively large seeded, medium sized tree unlikely to produce seeds in such high densities]

(1)Sahni, K. C. 1998. The Book of Indian Trees. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. (2)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.02

(1)- Seed storage orthodox; intermediate (2)Storage Conditions: Viability can be maintained for up to 1 year (3)Seed longevity is for 6-9 months; hence nuts are sown immediately after collection.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Kandya, A.K. 1987. Forest seed in India: Research and problems. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Forest Seed Problems in Africa. Harare, Zimbabwe, August 23 - Sept. 2 1987. (Ed. by S.K. Kamra). Swedish Agriculture University, Umea, Sweden. (3)Somashekhar, B. S. and M. Sharma. 2002. Propagation Techniques of Commercially Important Medicinal Plants. Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions, Bangalore, India.

8.03

Unknown

8.04

(1) It coppices readily, can bear fertile seeds from an early age and is reported to be highly resistant to fire

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.05

Unknown