Schleinitzia insularum (Guill.) Burkart Family - Fabaceae. Common Names(s) - Chotha-hao, Feifai, Mohemohe, Ohai, Siale, Taihune Lau Ikiiki, Tavahi Kaku, Tavahihi, Toro Rire, Toroire ,Troire. Synonym(s) - Leucaena insularum (Guill.) Däniker.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native: PACIFIC South-Central Pacific: Cook Islands; French Polynesia - Austral Islands, Society Islands Southwestern Pacific: Fiji; New Caledonia; Tonga; Vanuatu (2)Distribution: Southern New Hebrides and New Caledonia eastward to the Society and Austral Islands.

(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?100204 [Accessed 13 Oct 2009] (2)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

2.02

(1)Native: PACIFIC South-Central Pacific: Cook Islands; French Polynesia - Austral Islands, Society Islands Southwestern Pacific: Fiji; New Caledonia; Tonga; Vanuatu (2)Distribution: Southern New Hebrides and New Caledonia eastward to the Society and Austral Islands.

(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?100204 [Accessed 13 Oct 2009] (2)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

2.03

(1)Distribution: Southern New Hebrides and New Caledonia eastward to the Society and Austral Islands...As seen in Fiji...shrub or spreading tree 4-6 m high found near sea level along beaches; elsewhere it has been noted as 2-15 m high and with a trunk up to 45 cm in diameter. [suited to tropical climates]

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

2.04

(1)Native: PACIFIC South-Central Pacific: Cook Islands; French Polynesia - Austral Islands, Society Islands Southwestern Pacific: Fiji; New Caledonia; Tonga; Vanuatu (2)Distribution: Southern New Hebrides and New Caledonia eastward to the Society and Austral Islands.

(1)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?100204 [Accessed 13 Oct 2009] (2)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

2.05

(1)No evidence

(1)Mueller-Dombois, D. and F. R. Fosberg. 1998. Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. Springer-Verlag, New York.

3.01

(1)No evidence of naturalization outside native range

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 15 Oct 2009]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 15 Oct 2009]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 15 Oct 2009]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 15 Oct 2009]

3.05

(1)No evidence (2)Within the Leucaena group, they separated Schleinitzia from Leucaena by the presence of anther glands, unusual pod dehiscence (opening only along the margins), and often winged pods. [Several species of Leucaena classified as weeds, a genus of which S. insularum has synonymy]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinames.htm [Accessed 15 Oct 2009] (2)Hughes, C. 1998. Monograph of Leucaena (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). Systematic Botany Monographs 55: 1-244

4.01

(1)Unarmed trees or shrubs [genus description]

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

4.04

(1)The leaves are reportedly used as fodder on Guam (Limtiaco and Guzman 1999), but possibly this record arises due to confusion with Leucaena leucocephala. Its suitability as a fodder needs to be clarified [information for related species S. fosbergii, but Unknown for S. insularum]

(1)http://www.guamforestry.org/docs/publications/SchleinitiziaFosbergii_042903.pdf [Accessed 15 Oct 2009]

4.05

Unknown

4.06

Unknown

4.07

(1)No evidence (2)No evidence

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai. (2)Mueller-Dombois, D. and F. R. Fosberg. 1998. Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. Springer-Verlag, New York.

4.08

(1)No evidence [and coastal habitat where it typically occurs apparently not prone to fire] (2)No evidence

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai. (2)Mueller-Dombois, D. and F. R. Fosberg. 1998. Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. Springer-Verlag, New York.

4.09

(1)The littoral zone in the Cook Islands, where not pre-empted by human modification, includes coastal forests dominated by some combination of the trees Barringtonia asiatica , Calophyllum inophyllum , Cordia subcordata , Guettarda speciosa , Hernandia nymphaeifolia , Hibiscus tiliaceus , Pandanus tectorius , Pisonia grandis , Sophora tomentosa , Timonius polygamus and Tournefortia argentea , and the shrubs Morinda citrifolia , Pemphis acidula , Pipturus argenteus , Scaevola taccada , Schleinitzia insularum and Suriana maritima [probably not tolerant of shade if tree occurs in coasal zone]

(1)http://www.fao.org/forestry/6426/en/cok/ [Accessed 15 Oct 2009]

4.10

Unknown

4.11

(1)As seen in Fiji...shrub or spreading tree 4-6 m high found near sea level along beaches; elsewhere it has been noted as 2-15 m high and with a trunk up to 45 cm in diameter.

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

4.12

(1)No evidence from native range (2)Does not form dense stands or thickets in Tonga

(1)Mueller-Dombois, D. and F. R. Fosberg. 1998. Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. Springer-Verlag, New York. (2)Drake, D. R., W. A. Whistler, T. J. Motley, and C. T. Imada. 1996. Rain forest vegetation of 'Eua Island, Kingdom of Tonga. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 65-77.

5.01

(1)As seen in Fiji...shrub or spreading tree 4-6 m high found near sea level along beaches; elsewhere it has been noted as 2-15 m high and with a trunk up to 45 cm in diameter.

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

5.02

(1)Fabaceae

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

5.03

(1)Schleinitzia insularum (Guillemin) Burkart Nitrogen fixing

(1)Morris, J. N. 1997. Special-Purpose Legume Genetic Resources Conserved for Agricultural, Industrial, and Pharmaceutical Use. Economic Botany 51(3): 251-263.

5.04

(1)As seen in Fiji...shrub or spreading tree 4-6 m high found near sea level along beaches; elsewhere it has been noted as 2-15 m high and with a trunk up to 45 cm in diameter.

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

6.02

(1)"the fruits, dark brown to black at maturity, are 5.5-11.8 cm long, 1.2-1.9 cm broad, and with 8-15 seeds.

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1)Unspecialized flowers probably insect or wind-pollinated

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

6.06

Unknown

6.07

Unknown

7.01

(1)Breteler (1960), Verdcourt (1977), Nielsen (1992a), and Gunn (1984) point out that although the pods of Schleinitzia split along both sutures, they are only dehiscent along the margins or wings, the remainder of the pod valves remaining firmly attached until much later. Schleinitzia pods are coded here as partially dehiscent. This character was used by Lewis and Elias (1981) as a further character (along with winged pods and anther glands) to separate Schleinitzia from Leucaena...seeds are discharged passively from the pods. [no evidence, and no means of external attachment]

(1)Hughes, C. 1998. Monograph of Leucaena (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). Systematic Botany Monographs 55: 1-244

7.02

(1)Used for wood [but no evidence that this species has been spread or propagated widely by people]

(1)Nervling, L.I. and C. J. Niezgoda, Ch.J., 1978. On the Genus Schleinitzia. Adansonia 18(3):345-363.

7.03

(1)No evidence, and not grown commercially

(1)Mueller-Dombois, D. and F. R. Fosberg. 1998. Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. Springer-Verlag, New York.

7.04

(1)The presence of a wing on the fruit (character #27 in generic analysis) was used to separate Schleinitzia from Leucaena (Lewis & Elias 1981); however, the wing on Schleinitzia is variable. It is well developed in S. novoguineensis (Warb.) Verdc. and S. insularum (Guill.) Burkart (2)"the fruits, dark brown to black at maturity, are 5.5-11.8 cm long, 1.2-1.9 cm broad, and with 8-15 seeds. [despite "wings" on pods, no evidence that this species is wind-dispersed, and pods fairly large, unlikely to spread long distances by wind]

(1)Hughes, C. 1998. Monograph of Leucaena (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). Systematic Botany Monographs 55: 1-244 (2)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

7.05

(1)As seen in Fiji...shrub or spreading tree 4-6 m high found near sea level along beaches; elsewhere it has been noted as 2-15 m high and with a trunk up to 45 cm in diameter. [unknown, but distribution along coastal strand suggests pods and/or seeds may be buoyant and dispersed by water]

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

7.06

(1)Breteler (1960), Verdcourt (1977), Nielsen (1992a), and Gunn (1984) point out that although the pods of Schleinitzia split along both sutures, they are only dehiscent along the margins or wings, the remainder of the pod valves remaining firmly attached until much later. Schleinitzia pods are coded here as partially dehiscent. This character was used by Lewis and Elias (1981) as a further character (along with winged pods and anther glands) to separate Schleinitzia from Leucaena...seeds are discharged passively from the pods. [not fleshy fruited]

(1)Hughes, C. 1998. Monograph of Leucaena (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). Systematic Botany Monographs 55: 1-244

7.07

(1)Breteler (1960), Verdcourt (1977), Nielsen (1992a), and Gunn (1984) point out that although the pods of Schleinitzia split along both sutures, they are only dehiscent along the margins or wings, the remainder of the pod valves remaining firmly attached until much later. Schleinitzia pods are coded here as partially dehiscent. This character was used by Lewis and Elias (1981) as a further character (along with winged pods and anther glands) to separate Schleinitzia from Leucaena...seeds are discharged passively from the pods. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Hughes, C. 1998. Monograph of Leucaena (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae). Systematic Botany Monographs 55: 1-244

7.08

Unknown [possible, as other hard-seeded legumes able to remain viable after consumption by ungulates]

8.01

(1)"the fruits, dark brown to black at maturity, are 5.5-11.8 cm long, 1.2-1.9 cm broad, and with 8-15 seeds.

(1)Smith, A. C. 1985. Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only). Volume 3. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Kauai.

8.02

(1)Propagate from seed that has been pre-treated to overcome hard-seededness. Seed germinates readily and rapidly, taking about 5-7 days. The recommended pre-treatment is boiling water, pour and soak: this involves adding seed to just-boiled water, stirring for 60 seconds and leaving stand for five minutes. Manual nicking or clipping, followed by soaking in tap water for 12 hours, is an effective pre-treatment for smaller quantities of seed. [information for related S. fosbergii probably holds true for related S. insularum, both hard-seeded legumes]

(1)http://www.guamforestry.org/docs/publications/SchleinitiziaFosbergii_042903.pdf [Accessed 15 Oct 2009]

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown