Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Saxifraga sarmentosa (strawberry geranium, strawberry saxifrage, creeping saxifrage) Synonym: Saxifraga stolonifera

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(1)Naturalized in C. and S. Europe (2)Naturalized in California

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Saxifraga+stolonifera (2)http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/calflora_query?special=calflora&where-calrecnum=7371&one=T

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Range: E. Asia - W. China, Japan (2)Origin - China (3)Native to Japan, the Korea Peninsula and much of temperate China.

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Saxifraga+stolonifera (2)http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http:/
/www.aujardin.info/plantes/saxifraga_stolonifera.php&prev=/search
%3Fq%3DSaxifraga%2Bsarmentosa%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG (3)http://www.hillkeep.ca/per%20saxifraga.htm

2.02

2.03

(1)Shady cliffs and mossy rocks at low altitudes (2)USDA zones 6-10; does not do well in the humid parts of zone 9 and 10. (3)optimal temperature at <21 deg

(1)http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Saxifraga+stolonifera (2)http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/shade_gardening/11490 (3) Mortensen, L. M. 1991 The effect of air temperature on the growth of foliage plants. Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 5:289-294.

2.04

(1)Naturalized in C. and S. Europe (2)Naturalized in California [not tropical or subtropical]

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Saxifraga+stolonifera (2)http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/calflora_query?special=calflora&where-calrecnum=7371&one=T

2.05

(1)Naturalized in C. and S. Europe (2)Naturalized in California

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Saxifraga+stolonifera (2)http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/calflora_query?special=calflora&where-calrecnum=7371&one=T

3.01

(1)Naturalized in C. and S. Europe (2)Naturalized in California

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Saxifraga+stolonifera (2)http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/calflora_query?special=calflora&where-calrecnum=7371&one=T

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Edible leaves; Stem. Leaves - raw or cooked, Relished in Japan when parboiled or fried and used in salads. Flowering stem - said to be tasty when salted

http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Saxifraga+stolonifera

4.05

Edible leaves; Stem. Leaves - raw or cooked, Relished in Japan when parboiled or fried and used in salads. Flowering stem - said to be tasty when salted

http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Saxifraga+stolonifera

4.06

Did not find evidence of any pests to be associated with S. sarmentosa.

4.07

No evidence

4.08

a plant of damp, shaded places

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Saxifraga+stolonifera

4.09

It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland).

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Saxifraga+stolonifera

4.1

The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and can grow in heavy clay and nutritionally poor soils. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils.

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Saxifraga+stolonifera

4.11

No evidence

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Perennial forb/herb in saxifragaceae

http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/topics.cgi

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Propagation by seed.

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Saxifraga+stolonifera

6.03

No information

6.04

No information

6.05

[based on small, white, open flower -- insects]

http://www.oldimprints.com/prints/29565.htm#image

6.06

spreads by runners

http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0843829.html

6.07

No information.

7.01

small seeds in wet areas -- stick in mud

7.02

Probably yes: 'A very ornamental plant, it is sometimes grown as a house plant. '

http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Saxifraga+stolonifera

7.03

no products

7.04

possibly (small seeds), but no evidence of wings

7.05

possibly (grows near water)

7.06

fruit a dry capsule

http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0843829.html

7.07

fruit a dry capsule

http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0843829.html

7.08

fruit a dry capsule

http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0843829.html

8.01

(1)many small seeds (2)fruit capsule [Saxifraga]

(1)http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/tufted_saxifrage.htm (2)http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0843829.html

8.02

No information on seed bank.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

No information.

8.05

Don’t know.