Salsola kali L. Family - Chenopodiaceae. Common Names(s) - tumbleweed, common saltwort, prickly saltwort, Kali-Salzkraut, Kalikraut, barrilha-espinhosa, barrilheira, cardo-da-Russia, Russian thistle. Synonym(s) - S.k. var. tenuifolia Tausch; S. pestifer A. Nels.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

1.5

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1.5

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1.5

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

18.5

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to: Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russian Federation, Italy, France, Portugal, Spain.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?310094 {Accessed 2009 Feb 2].

2.02

(1) Native to: Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russian Federation, Italy, France, Portugal, Spain.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?310094 {Accessed 2009 Feb 2].

2.03

(1) Estimated to range from Cool Temperate Desert to Steppe to Subtropical Very Dry to Thorn Forest Life Zones.

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Salsola_kali.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

2.04

(1) Native to: Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russian Federation, Italy, France, Portugal, Spain. (2) Naturalized in Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?310094 {Accessed 2009 Feb 2] (2) .http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?310094 {Accessed 2009 Feb 2].

2.05

(1) Naturalized in s. Europe, n. & s. Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, United States (including Hawaii), Canada, Mexico, South America

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?310094 {Accessed 2009 Feb 2].

3.01

(1) Naturalized in s. Europe, n. & s. Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, United States (including Hawaii), Canada, Mexico, South America

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?310094 {Accessed 2009 Feb 2].

3.02

(1) S. kali is very invasive and is found in disturbed areas such as roadsides, trails, abandoned fields, along streams and lakes, and overgrazed ranges and pastures.

(1) http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/salskali.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

3.03

(1) S. kali is a serious weed of barley, flax, oats, rape, and sunflower in Canada; of cotton in Mexico; of flax, linseed, and lucerne in Argentina; of pastures in Hungary; and of wheat in Afghanistan, Argentina, Canada, and the United States.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=i7JjRXH6uq4C&pg=RA1-PA719&vq=salsola&dq=salsola+kali+%2B+%22self+compatible%22&lr=&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0

3.04

Don't know.

3.05

(1) Salsola paulsenii is an invasive weed in the desert southwest of the United States.

(1) http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3398/1527-0904(2007)67%5B378%3ADRRSRO%5D2.0.CO%3B2 [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

4.01

(1) Leaves are tipped with spines.

(1) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/Data/WeedsHI/W_Salsola_kali.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb 2].

4.02

Don't know.

4.03

(1) Not parasitic. (2) Not parasitic.

(1) http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/salskali.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2]. (2) http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/russian-thistle.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

4.04

(1) Cattle will graze the plant.

(1) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/Data/WeedsHI/W_Salsola_kali.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb 2].

4.05

(1) The plant can be poisonous after a fast growth period with the accumulation of nitrates.

(1) http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/russian-thistle.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb 2].

4.06

(1) S. kali is a host plant of the sugarbeet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus). This insect vectors curly-top virus, a disease affecting sugar beets, tomatoes, and beans.

(1) http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/salskali.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

4.07

(1) The pollen from S. kali causes seasonal allergenic reactions.

(1) http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=k531161511212710&size=largest [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

4.08

(1) In Hawaii there is a concern that ignited Russian thistle plants may spread fires as they roll along. (2) S. kali can become a fire hazard.

(1) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/Data/WeedsHI/W_Salsola_kali.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb 2]. (2) http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/salskali.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

4.09

(1) Full sun, sun to partial shade.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/70176/ [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

4.10

(1) S. kali is found on a variety of soil types including alkali (2) S. kali was a dominant weed on clay, silty clay, loam and light sand in an experiment in Canada that surveyed soil belts.

(1) http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/russian-thistle.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb 2]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?id=i7JjRXH6uq4C&pg=RA1-PA719&vq=salsola&dq=salsola+kali+%2B+%22self+compatible%22&lr=&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0#PRA1-PA712,M1 [Accessed 2009 Feb 3].

4.11

(1) Annual tap-rooted forb that grows 1-3 feet in height.

(1) http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/russian-thistle.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb 2].

4.12

Don't know.

5.01

(1) Annual tap-rooted forb that grows 1-3 feet in height.

(1) http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/russian-thistle.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb 2].

5.02

(1) Chenopodiaceae

(1) http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/russian-thistle.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb 2].

5.03

(1) Annual tap-rooted forb that grows 1-3 feet in height.

(1) http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/russian-thistle.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb 2].

5.04

(1) Annual tap-rooted forb that grows 1-3 feet in height.

(1) http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/russian-thistle.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb 2].

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Salsola kali is a summer annual that reproduces by seed.

(1) http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/salskali.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

6.03

(1) Intermediate forms occur between S. kali and S. tragus.

(1) Rilke, S. (1999). "Species Diversity and Polymorphism in Salsola sect. Salsola sensu lato (Chenopodiacaeae)." Systematics and Geography of Plants 68(1/2): 305-314.

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1) Wind pollinated.

(1) http://chestofbooks.com/flora-plants/flowers/British-Wild-Flowers-1/Saltwort-Salsola-Kali-L.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

6.06

(1) Salsola kali is a summer annual that reproduces by seed

(1) http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/salskali.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

6.07

(1) S. kali is a summer annual. Seeds are dormant over the winter and germination takes place in the spring.

(1) http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/salskali.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

7.01

(1) Seed is spread in the soil on shoes and machines.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=i7JjRXH6uq4C&pg=RA1-PA719&vq=salsola&dq=salsola+kali+%2B+%22self+compatible%22&lr=&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0#PRA1-PA711,M1 [Accessed 2009 Feb 3].

7.02

Unknown

7.03

(1) In 1873, russian thistle was brought to the U.S. in contaminated flax seed

(1) http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/salskali.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

7.04

(1) When the plant is mature it breaks off at the ground forming “tumbleweeds” that are tossed by the wind, scattering seeds. [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2]. (2) Seeds are wind dispersed.

(1) http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/salskali.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2]. (2) Andersen, U. V. (1993). "Dispersal Strategies of Danish Seashore Plants." Ecography 16(4): 289-298.

7.05

(1) When the plant is mature it breaks off at the ground forming “tumbleweeds” that are tossed by the wind, scattering seeds. [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2]. (2) Seeds are wind dispersed.

(1) http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/salskali.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2]. (2) Andersen, U. V. (1993). "Dispersal Strategies of Danish Seashore Plants." Ecography 16(4): 289-298.

7.06

(1) When the plant is mature it breaks off at the ground forming “tumbleweeds” that are tossed by the wind, scattering seeds. [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2]. (2) Seeds are wind dispersed.

(1) http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/salskali.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2]. (2) Andersen, U. V. (1993). "Dispersal Strategies of Danish Seashore Plants." Ecography 16(4): 289-298.

7.07

(1) Seed is spread in the fur of animals

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=i7JjRXH6uq4C&pg=RA1-PA719&vq=salsola&dq=salsola+kali+%2B+%22self+compatible%22&lr=&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0#PRA1-PA711,M1 [Accessed 2009 Feb 3].

7.08

Unknown

8.01

(1) A single plant can produce 100 - 200,000 seeds. [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2]. (2) One plant can produce up to a million seeds.

(1) http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/salskali.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2]. (2) http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/russian-thistle.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

8.02

(1) Seeds are dormant over winter allowing the seed to germinate in spring over a wide range of temperatures (optimum temperatures ranging from 7.2° C to 35° C) generally in late March or early April. Seed longevity is short and rapidly declines after 2 years in the soil. (2) Seeds are viable for many years.

(1) http://tncinvasives.ucdavis.edu/esadocs/salskali.html [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2]. (2) http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/russian-thistle.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

8.03

(1) Salsola kali is resistant to acetolactat synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. (2) It can be effectively controlled using dicamba, glyphosate or paraquat.

(1) http://apt.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1614%2F0890-037X(1999)013[0632%3ATIOHRW]2.3.CO%3B2&ct=1 [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2]. (2) http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/russian-thistle.pdf {Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

8.04

(1) S. kali was a component of the post-fire succession in this experiment in Pinus ponderosa forests.

(1) https://library.eri.nau.edu:8443/bitstream/2019/419/1/CrawfordEtal.2001.ResponsesOfExoticPlantSpecies.pdf [Accessed 2009 Feb. 2].

8.05

Unknown