Sabal mauritiiformis (H. Karsten) Grisebach & H. Wendland ex Grisebach. Family - Arecaceae. Common Names(s) - Savannah palm, bay-leaf palm. Synonym(s) - Sabal glaucescens Loddiges.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

>2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-2

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)indigenous to southeastern Mexico, northern Guatemala, Belize, northeastern Costa Rica, the isthmus of Panama, northwestern and northern Colombia, northern Venezuela, and Trinidad, where it grows in rain forest, savannas, and cleared forest areas, from coastal areas to 3000 feet elevation.

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

2.02

(1)indigenous to southeastern Mexico, northern Guatemala, Belize, northeastern Costa Rica, the isthmus of Panama, northwestern and northern Colombia, northern Venezuela, and Trinidad, where it grows in rain forest, savannas, and cleared forest areas, from coastal areas to 3000 feet elevation.

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

2.03

(1)Hardiness: USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F) (2)it grows in rain forest, savannas, and cleared forest areas, from coastal areas to 3000 feet elevation [elevation range <1000 m] (3)Climate 10 and 11, marginal in warm parts of 9b

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/71696/ [Accessed 20 Nov 2008] (2)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR. (3)Riffle, R.L. 2008. Timber Press Pocket Guide to Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

2.04

(1)indigenous to southeastern Mexico, northern Guatemala, Belize, northeastern Costa Rica, the isthmus of Panama, northwestern and northern Colombia, northern Venezuela, and Trinidad, where it grows in rain forest, savannas, and cleared forest areas, from coastal areas to 3000 feet elevation.

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

2.05

Waimea Arboretum & Botanical Garden

(1)Clyde T. Imada, George W. Staples, and Derral R. Herbst. 2005. Annotated Checklist of Cultivated Plants of Hawai‘i. http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/botany/cultivatedplants [Accessed 21 Nov 2008]

3.01

(1)Although listed as a cultivation escape, environmental weed, the actual publication upon which this designations are based gives no indication that the species has escaped or become an environmental weed.

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/sabal_mauritiiformis/ [Accessed 21 Nov 2008]

3.02

(1)Although listed as a cultivation escape, environmental weed, the actual publication upon which this designations are based gives no indication that the species has escaped or become an environmental weed.

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/sabal_mauritiiformis/ [Accessed 21 Nov 2008]

3.03

(1)Although listed as a cultivation escape, environmental weed, the actual publication upon which this designations are based gives no indication that the species has escaped or become an environmental weed.

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/sabal_mauritiiformis/ [Accessed 21 Nov 2008]

3.04

(1)Although listed as a cultivation escape, environmental weed, the actual publication upon which this designations are based gives no indication that the species has escaped or become an environmental weed.

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/sabal_mauritiiformis/ [Accessed 21 Nov 2008]

3.05

(1)Sabal palmetto: Cabbage Palm... little invasive potential (2)Sabal palmetto listed as a weed, but no evidence of impacts has been found

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST575 [Accessed 23 Nov 2008] (2)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/sabal_palmetto/ [Accessed 23 Nov 2008]

4.01

(1)No mention of spines or thorns (2)Petioles unarmed.

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR. (2)http://www.plantapalm.com/Vpe/palmkey/belizekey/belizekey1a.htm [Accessed 21 Nov 2008]

4.02

(1)No evidence

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

4.04

Unknown

4.05

Probably not (1)No evidence of toxicity in genus

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

4.06

Unknown

4.07

No evidence for this commonly used palm species (1)The leaves are a prized thatching material. (2)Irritating Fruits? NO

(1)Henderson, A., Gloria Galeano and Rodrigo Bernal. 1997. Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ. (2)http://lee.ifas.ufl.edu/FYN/FYNPubs/OrnamentalPalmsEP00900.pdf [Accessed 23 Nov 2008]

4.08

(1)locally very abundant in dry to wet areas. probably will burn in dry areas, but no evidence that this species increase fire hazards]

(1)Henderson, A., Gloria Galeano and Rodrigo Bernal. 1997. Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ.

4.09

Not sufficient evidence for shade tolerance (1)Sun Exposure: Full Sun to Partial Shade Light Shade (2)The palm grows well in partial shade when young but is slower, and, when older, needs full sun.

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/71696/ [Accessed 20 Nov 2008] (2)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

4.10

(1)Soil; any; relishes alkaline media but faster growing and better looking with humus.

(1)Riffle, R.L. 2008. Timber Press Pocket Guide to Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

4.11

(1)The trunk attains a height of 80 feet

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

4.12

No evidence (1)This Sabal palm is native throughout Central and Northern South America but, only in small isolated scattered populations. (2)Carat palm (Sabal mauritiiformis) is a solitary palm. It is quickly identified by its fanshaped leaves where the segments radiate from a central point. The petiole is continuous with the leaf to form a distinct midrib. The leaves are used by hunters to thatch the roofs of their shelters.

(1)http://www.nearlynativenursery.com/PlantsDetail.cfm?ID=771 [Accessed 21 Nov 2008] (2)Sewlal, J-A. N. 2005. Botany Group trip – Catshill Forest October 15th 2005. The Field Naturalist 4: 12-14.

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

Arecaceae

5.03

Arecaceae

5.04

Arecaceae

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/plantguides/guide_pdfs/X004%20PALMS%20BELIZE.pdf [Accessed 21 Nov 2008]

6.02

(1)Propagation Methods: From seed (2)While establishing a germination protocol for Astrocaryum was not easy, we saw a substantial proportion of Sabal mauritiiformis germinating, regardless of the treatment. Seedling emergence in the treatment group which was kept continually moistened throughout the dry season was markedly accelerated, which is a relatively simple cultivation strategy in areas where water is plentiful. The successful growth of S. mauritiiformis in Ipeti-Embera´ led to the establishment of the community’s first production, as opposed to experimental plot, of the species. Some 500 S. mauritiiformis seeds were planted in February of 1999 and every year thereafter. Due to a delicate root network of long, thin roots, Caballero (1994) suggested that transplantation of Sabal seedlings may be precarious and that plantations should be started from seed instead of seedling. Our results, however, do indicate that seedling transplantation is a possible means of plantation establishment. Yet, because of the ease of germination, the villagers of Ipet´ı-Embera´involved in the project have promoted germination over transplantation as a way to maintain a stable supply of Sabal.

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/71696/ [Accessed 20 Nov 2008] (2)Potvin, C., Rogelio Cansari, Jane Hutton, Inocencio Caisamo and Bonarge Pacheco. 2003.Preparation for propagation: understanding germination of giwa (Astrocaryum standleyanum), wagara (Sabal mauritiiformis), and eba (Socratea exorrhiza) for future cultivation. Biodiversity and Conservation 12: 2161–2171.

6.03

No evidence of hybridization in S. mauritiiformis (1)These hybrid palms, up to 9 min height, are the only known hybrids of Sabal species; they area the only naturally occurring and reproducing palm hybrids in the United States [Sabal minor x Sabal mexicana]

(1)Maschinski, J., D.H. Hammond and L. Holter (eds). 1996. Southwestern Rare and Endangered Plants: Proceedings of the Second Conference; 1995 September 11-14; Flagstaff, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-283. Fort Collins, CO: US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 328 pp.

6.04

Unknown

6.05

No evidence (1)Flower clusters: spike 8 ft. (2.4 m) long with short branches usually extending just beyond the leaf crown and bearing small bisexual flowers. (2)Related species Sabal palmetto pollinated by honeybees

(1)Riffle, R.L. 2008. Timber Press Pocket Guide to Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR. (2)Moore, Jr., H.E. and N. W. Uhl. 1982. Trends of Evolution in Palms. Botanical Review 48(1): 1-69.

6.06

(1)Suckering/Solitary: Solitary

(1)http://www.junglemusic.net/palms/sabal-mauritiiformis.htm [Accessed 21 Nov 2008]

6.07

Probably 2+ years before flowering (1)Speed of growth: Slow to moderate

(1)http://www.junglemusic.net/palms/sabal-mauritiiformis.htm [Accessed 21 Nov 2008]

7.01

(1)The fruits are round to pear shaped, black when mature, and 0.5 inch in diameter [no means of external attachment]

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

7.02

(1)Ornamental

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

7.03

(1)The fruits are round to pear shaped, black when mature, and 0.5 inch in diameter. [unlikely given relatively large seeds]

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

7.04

(1)The fruits are round to pear shaped, black when mature, and 0.5 inch in diameter.

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

7.05

(1)Long distance dispersal by birds has been suggested as an explanation for the distribution of Sabal throughout the islands of the Caribbean and the patchy distribution of Sabal mauritiiformis…Water dispersal has been suggested as a mode of dispersal for some species, e.g. S. palmetto and S. minor.

(1)Henderson, A., Gloria Galeano and Rodrigo Bernal. 1997. Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ.

7.06

(1)The fruits are round to pear shaped, black when mature, and 0.5 inch in diameter. (2)Long distance dispersal by birds has been suggested as an explanation for the distribution of Sabal throughout the islands of the Caribbean and the the patchy distribution of Sabal mauritiiformis. (3)Resident birds seen feeding on plant: [Sabal mauritiiformis] Brown Jay (Cyanocorax morio, Piam-piam) Sabal mauritiiformis Collared Aracari (Pteroglossus torquatus, Pillis) Crested Guan (Penelope purpurascens, Quam) Keel-billed Toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus, Belizean Bill Bird, Big-bill Pillis) Yellow-winged Tanager (Thraupis abbas)

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR. (2)Henderson, A., Gloria Galeano and Rodrigo Bernal. 1997. Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ. (3)Piaskowski, V.D., Mario Teul, Reynold N. Cal, Kari M. Williams and David Tzul. How to Manage Your Land To Help Birds. The Birds Without Borders – Aves Sin Fronteras. Recommendations for Landowners: The Birds Without Borders – Aves Sin Fronteras® Recommendations for Landowners. http://www.zoosociety.org/pdf/BWBPubs/BelizeLandownerManual.pdf [Accessed 23 Nov 2008]

7.07

(1)The fruits are round to pear shaped, black when mature, and 0.5 inch in diameter [no means of external attachment. Possible that seed predators such as rodents could secondarily disperse seeds]

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

7.08

(1)The fruits are round to pear shaped, black when mature, and 0.5 inch in diameter.

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

8.01

(1)The fruits are round to pear shaped, black when mature, and 0.5 inch in diameter [unlikely given relatively large, single-seeded fruit]

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

8.02

Unknown (1)Seed germination easy; within four months

(1)Riffle, R.L. and P. Craft. 2003. An Encyclopedia of Cultivated Palms. Timber Press. Portland, OR.

8.03

Unknown

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown