Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low Risk, score: -3
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Information on Risk Assessments Original risk assessment |
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Roystonea oleracea. Common names: cabbage palm, caribbee royal palm, caribbean royal palm, Venezuelan royal palm, West Indian Royal palm. Synonym: Oreodoxa oleracea. Family - Arecaceae |
Answer |
Score |
|
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1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
n |
0 |
|
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
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1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
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2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
2 |
|
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
n |
0 |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y |
1 |
|
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
y |
|
|
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
y |
2 |
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n |
0 |
|
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n |
0 |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
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|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n |
0 |
|
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
n |
0 |
|
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
n |
0 |
|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
n |
0 |
|
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
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|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
n |
0 |
|
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
n |
0 |
|
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
n |
0 |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
n |
0 |
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
n |
0 |
|
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
n |
0 |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
n |
0 |
|
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
n |
0 |
|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
n |
0 |
|
5.02 |
Grass |
n |
0 |
|
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
n |
0 |
|
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
n |
0 |
|
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
n |
0 |
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y |
1 |
|
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
n |
-1 |
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
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|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
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|
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
n |
-1 |
|
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
10 |
-1 |
|
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
n |
-1 |
|
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y |
1 |
|
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
n |
-1 |
|
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
n |
-1 |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
n |
-1 |
|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y |
1 |
|
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
n |
-1 |
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
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8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
n |
-1 |
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8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
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8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
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8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
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8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
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Total score: |
-3 |
Supporting data:
|
Notes |
Reference |
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1.01 |
No evidence |
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1.02 |
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1.03 |
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2.01 |
(1)"Roystonea oleracea is naitve to the Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Barbados), Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, and Colombia." (2)A very popular palm which can be grown in tropical and subtropical regions and also with care in warm-temperate districts." |
(10Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Page 627 (2)Jones, David. 1995. Palms throughout the world. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D.C. Page 343 |
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2.02 |
(1)Introduced to Hawaii (2)Introduced to Federal States of Micronesia, Palau, Fiji Island, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands. |
(1)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Page 627 (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/roystonea_oleracea.htm |
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2.03 |
Probably not - (1)Hardiness: USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7° C (35° F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5° C (40° F) (2)USDA zone - 10 |
(1)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/59774/index.html (2)http://www.fairchildgarden.org/palmguide/genus.php?family=ARECACEAE&genus=Roystonea |
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2.04 |
(1)"Roystonea oleracea is naitve to the Lesser Antilles (Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Barbados), Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, and Colombia." (2)A very popular palm which can be grown in tropical and subtropical regions and also with care in warm-temperate districts." |
(10Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Page 627 (2)Jones, David. 1995. Palms throughout the world. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D.C. Page 343 |
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2.05 |
(1)Introduced to Hawaii (2)Introduced to Federal States of Micronesia, Palau, Fiji Island, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands. |
(1)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Page 627 (2)http://www.hear.org/pier/species/roystonea_oleracea.htm |
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3.01 |
naturalized elsewhere in neotropics |
http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?32236 |
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3.02 |
No evidence |
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3.03 |
No evidence |
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3.04 |
(1)For Roystonea spp in general - "Invasive potential: little invasive potential" (2)Reported to be invasive in New Caledonia. [No further evidence of the species being an environmental weed in other introduced ranges. No evidence of impact in New Caledonia]. |
http://www.hear.org/pier/species/roystonea_oleracea.htm |
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3.05 |
No evidence |
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4.01 |
No evidence of such structures. |
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4.02 |
No evidence |
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4.03 |
No evidence |
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4.04 |
Don’t know regarding palatability at the seedling stage. But otherwise a tall palm - out of reach of grazing and browsing animals. |
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4.05 |
No evidence |
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4.06 |
Probably not - The following three fungi were listed to be associated with Roystonea oleracea: Capnodium sp., Cercospora sp., Physcia sp., [No evidence that the above are economic pests. No further evidence of associated pests]. |
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4.07 |
Probably not -"In some parts of the Caribbean, especially Cuba, Roystonea leafbases are used for thatch, and the trees for timber, livestock feed, palmito (palm cabbage or heart-of-palm, the terminal bud is edible.)." |
http://herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/vfh/image/index.php?item=1838 |
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4.08 |
Probably not - very tall, evergreen, solitary palms growing in wet habitats - photos do not show accumulation of dead leaves on the palm. "Royal Palms are very fond of water and thrive on supplemental irrigation. They also do better in a soil with lots of humus. Because their native location is in "hurricane alley", Royal Palms have adapted to the high winds by easily shedding their leaves." |
http://www.pacsoa.org.au/palms/Roystonea/oleracea.html AND http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roystonea |
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4.09 |
(1)Sun Requirements: Full sun (2)Sun Exposure: Full Sun |
(1)http://www.junglemusic.net/palms/roystonea-oleracea.htm (2)http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/59774/index.html |
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4.1 |
(1)Rich soil and plent of water. (2)Soil pH - neutral to alkaline. |
(1)http://www.rarepalmseeds.com/pix/RoyOle.shtml (2)http://www.fairchildgarden.org/palmguide/genus.php?family=ARECACEAE&genus=Roystonea |
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4.11 |
Not a climber - a solitary palm. |
(10Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Page 627 (2)Jones, David. 1995. Palms throughout the world. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington D.C. Page 343 |
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4.12 |
No evidence |
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5.01 |
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5.02 |
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5.03 |
No evidence |
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5.04 |
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6.01 |
"Abstract: The Red-bellied macaw (Ara manilata) and the Orange-winged parrot (Amazona amazonica) on Trinidad have been reported to utilise palms for fruit and roosting and nesting sites in palm swamp forest. There were little data describing the breadth of their diet or roosting and nesting tree characteristics. Population estimates for the parrot and macaw in the Nariva Swamp were 136 and 224 respectively. Diet included seven plant species with 94% of feeding on Mauritia setigera and Roystonea oleracea palm fruit. This was correlated with palm fruit availability since only in the late dry season when palm fruit availability was low was feeding on non-palm fruit significant. The phenologies and habitat distributions of the palms appear to determine direction of seasonal foraging movement of the psittacids. Roosting sites were concentrated in Roystonea and Mauritia palm stands. Nest sites were found in Mauritia palms. Despite its fragmented nature palm swamp forest in the Nariva Swamp is an important resource |
Bonadie, Wayne A.; Bacon, Peter R. Year-round utilisation of fragmented palm swamp forest by Red-bellied macaws (Ara manilata) and Orange-winged parrots (Amazona amazonica) in the Nariva Swamp (Trinidad) Biological Conservation 95 (1) : 1-5 August, 2000 |
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6.02 |
(1)Seed germination takes 3 months. (2)The small round seeds germinate readily and seedling growth is very fast. |
(1)Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Page 627 (2)http://www.rarepalmseeds.com/pix/RoyOle.shtml |
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6.03 |
(1)"It is not known that roystoneas hybridize among the species, but it is a possibility to be considered." (2)Hybridization not reported in Roystoneas |
(1)McCurrach, J. C. 1960. Palms of the World. Harper and Brothers. New York. (2)http://www.fairchildgarden.org/palmguide/genus.php?family=ARECACEAE&genus=Roystonea |
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6.04 |
||
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6.05 |
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6.06 |
No evidence regarding vegetative spread in the wild. |
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6.07 |
(1)"Speed of growth: Fast" (2)10 to 15 years |
(1)http://www.junglemusic.net/palms/roystonea-oleracea.htm (2)Ray Baker. Pers. Comm. Lyon Arboretum. 3860 Manoa Road. Honolulu. HI 96822. |
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7.01 |
Probably not - no evidence that the species is grown around heavilty traficked walkways. |
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7.02 |
An ornamental palm. "…excellent choice for lining avenues or planting near tall building…" |
Staples, W George and Derral H Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu. Hawaii. Page 627 |
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7.03 |
Probably not - no evidence that the species occurs or is grown in and around field crops. |
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7.04 |
Probably not- no evidence that the propagules have any adaptations for wind dispersal. |
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7.05 |
No evidence |
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7.06 |
(1)"Abstract: The Red-bellied macaw (Ara manilata) and the Orange-winged parrot (Amazona amazonica) on Trinidad have been reported to utilise palms for fruit and roosting and nesting sites in palm swamp forest. There were little data describing the breadth of their diet or roosting and nesting tree characteristics. Population estimates for the parrot and macaw in the Nariva Swamp were 136 and 224 respectively. Diet included seven plant species with 94% of feeding on Mauritia setigera and Roystonea oleracea palm fruit. This was correlated with palm fruit availability since only in the late dry season when palm fruit availability was low was feeding on non-palm fruit significant. The phenologies and habitat distributions of the palms appear to determine direction of seasonal foraging movement of the psittacids. Roosting sites were concentrated in Roystonea and Mauritia palm stands. Nest sites were found in Mauritia palms. Despite its fragmented nature palm swamp forest in the Nariva Swamp is an important resour |
(1)Bonadie, Wayne A.; Bacon, Peter R. Year-round utilisation of fragmented palm swamp forest by Red-bellied macaws (Ara manilata) and Orange-winged parrots (Amazona amazonica) in the Nariva Swamp (Trinidad) Biological Conservation 95 (1) : 1-5 August, 2000 (2)http://www.virtualherbarium.org/palms/psdispersal.html |
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7.07 |
Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment. |
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7.08 |
"Abstract: The Red-bellied macaw (Ara manilata) and the Orange-winged parrot (Amazona amazonica) on Trinidad have been reported to utilise palms for fruit and roosting and nesting sites in palm swamp forest. There were little data describing the breadth of their diet or roosting and nesting tree characteristics. Population estimates for the parrot and macaw in the Nariva Swamp were 136 and 224 respectively. Diet included seven plant species with 94% of feeding on Mauritia setigera and Roystonea oleracea palm fruit. This was correlated with palm fruit availability since only in the late dry season when palm fruit availability was low was feeding on non-palm fruit significant. The phenologies and habitat distributions of the palms appear to determine direction of seasonal foraging movement of the psittacids. Roosting sites were concentrated in Roystonea and Mauritia palm stands. Nest sites were found in Mauritia palms. Despite its fragmented nature palm swamp forest in the Nariva Swamp is an important resource |
Bonadie, Wayne A.; Bacon, Peter R. Year-round utilisation of fragmented palm swamp forest by Red-bellied macaws (Ara manilata) and Orange-winged parrots (Amazona amazonica) in the Nariva Swamp (Trinidad) Biological Conservation 95 (1) : 1-5 August, 2000 |
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8.01 |
Fruit about 0.7" x 0.35", slightly curved, purplish black.[Probably not - relatively large fruits and a palm tree with relatively small crown diameter]. |
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8.02 |
"Properly cleaned, seed can be successfully stored." - No further evidence regarding seed longevity. |
http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/59774/index.html |
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8.03 |
No evidence that the species is being controlled for. |
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8.04 |
Don’t know |
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8.05 |
Don’t know |
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This page created 1 August 2007