Rosa laevigata Michx. Family - Rosaceae. Common Names(s) - Cherokee rose, jin ying zi. Synonym(s) - Rosa cerokeensis Donn ex Small.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1or 2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

16

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native to China - Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; Taiwan; Vietnam.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?5384 [Cited 2009 April 13].

2.02

(1) Native to China - Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; Taiwan; Vietnam.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?5384 [Cited 2009 April 13].

2.03

(1) USDA Hardiness zones 7-9. (2) USDA Hardiness zones 7a-10b. (3) Occurs in thickets, scrub, open montane areas, open fields, farmland; 200-1600 m.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/R/rosalaev.cfm [Cited April 13]. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55764/ [Cited 2009 April 13]. (3) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011269 [Cited 2009 April 13].

2.04

(1) Native to China - Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang; Taiwan; Vietnam.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?5384 [Cited 2009 April 13].

2.05

(1) Rosa laevigata is found from North Carolina south into Florida and west into Texas. It was introduced to the United States in 1759 and planted by the Cherokee and settlers around their house.

(1) http://www.killerplants.com/plant-of-the-week/20050328.asp [Cited 2009 April 13].

3.01

(1) An aggressive climber that has become naturalized on the Big Island, Hawaii. (2) Naturalized in the southern United States.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI. (2) Howes FN.1946. Fence and Barrier Plants in Warm Climates. Kew Bulletin. 1(2):51-87.

3.02

(1) Rosa laevigata is naturalized in the southern United States; North Carolina south to Florida, west to Texas. It has weedy propensities.

(1) http://www.invasive.org/eastern/biocontrol/pdf/22MultifloraRose.pdf [Cited 2009 April 15].

3.03

(1) Considered a serious weed of pastures and natural areas in Hawaii. (2)The Cherokee rose (Rosa laevigata Michaux), another introduced plant from China (however, the State Flower of Georgia), became a severe weed in the Black Belt region (several counties characterized by rich, dark soil) in central Alabama. Land covered by the weed in nine counties could have produced 1.5 million pounds of beef annually, if in productive pasture (Scott, 1965).

(1) Motooka P., Castro L., Nelson D., Nagai G., Ching L. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and Natural Areas: An Identification and Management Guide. Honolulu, Hawaii. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources 184 p. (2)http://www.invasive.org/eastern/biocontrol/pdf/22MultifloraRose.pdf [Accessed 15 Apr 2009]

3.04

(1) Considered a serious weed of pastures and natural areas in Hawaii [but no mention of impacts to natural areas]

(1) Motooka P., Castro L., Nelson D., Nagai G., Ching L. 2003. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and Natural Areas: An Identification and Management Guide. Honolulu, Hawaii. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources 184 p.

3.05

(1) Rosa multiflora is a serious agricultural weed in West Virginia, USA.

(1) Hindal DF, Wong SM. Potential Biocontrol of Multiflora Rose, Rosa multiflora. Weed Technology 1988;2(2):122-131.

4.01

(1) A rampant climber with canes many yards in length, hooked prickles.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.04

(1) Seldom damaged by deer. (2) Known to have a high degree of deer tolerance.

(1) http://pender.ces.ncsu.edu/files/library/71/Deer%20Resistant%20Plants.pdf [Cited 2009 April 15]. (2) http://www.masternurseries.com/deer-resistant_plants.htm [Cited 2009 April 15].

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 April 15]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 April 15].

4.06

(1) Not plagued by insects or fungus. (2) Susceptible to honey fungus.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/R/rosalaev.cfm [Cited April 13]. (2) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Rosa+laevigata [Cited 2009 April 13].

4.07

(1) Sugar is extracted from the fruit, which is also used to ferment wine. The roots, leaves, and fruit are all used medicinally. (2) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (3) No evidence of toxicity in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011269 [Cited 2009 April 13]. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 April 15]. (3) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search [Cited 2009 April 15].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Full sun, will tolerate some shade. (2) Full sun.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/R/rosalaev.cfm [Cited April 13]. (2) http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=C555 [Cited 2009 April 13].

4.10

(1) Soil pH requirements: 4.5 or below (very acidic), 4.5 to 5.0 (highly acidic), 5.1 to 5.5 (strongly acidic), 5.6 to 6.0 (acidic). (2)Cherokee Roses are not finicky about soil conditions.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55764/ [Cited 2009 April 13]. (2)Gartin, P. J. 2007. Some Like It Hot: Flowers That Thrive in Hot Humid Weather. Gibbs Smith, Layton, Utah.

4.11

(1) A rampant climbing shrub with canes many yards in length.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

4.12

(1) Climbs over other vegetation. Thorny canes impede passage.

(1) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/Data/WeedsHI/W_Rosa_laevigata.pdf [Cited 2009 April13].

5.01

(1) Terrestrial.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

5.02

(1) Rosaceae.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

5.03

(1) The Cercocarpus, Chamaebatia, Cowania, Dryas, Purshia and Rubus are the only genera in the Rosaceae family that fix nitrogen.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?id=dicDrU338X4C&pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=
nitrogen+fixation+%2B+%22rosaceae%22&source=bl&ots=FDmdmHmcev&sig=48uenNWnk4GjNxP5vnIgA-dN9dk&hl=en&ei=oO3jSYCBFqbyswPJg523CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#PPA150,M1[Cited 2009 April 13].

5.04

(1) A rampant climbing shrub with canes many yards in length.

(1)Staples, G. W. and D. R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora: Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press. Honolulu, HI.

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1) The seed often takes two years to germinate.

(1) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Rosa+laevigata [Cited 2009 April 13].

6.03

(1) Hybridizes with other species of this genus.

(1) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Rosa+laevigata [Cited 2009 April 13].

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1) Pollinated by bees. (2) Flower solitary, axillary, 5–10 cm in diam.; pedicel 1.8–2.5(–3) cm, densely glandular bristly; bracts absent. Hypanthium ovoid, densely glandular bristly. Sepals 5, persistent, slightly shorter than petals, ovate-lanceolate, leaflike, abaxially glabrous, adaxially densely pubescent, margin entire, often glandular bristly. Petals 5, semi-double, or double, white, broadly obovate, base broadly cuneate, apex emarginate. Styles free, much shorter than stamens, pubescent.(3) Rosa rugosa is pollinated by bumblebees. (4) According to the classic work by Knuth (1898) pollinating insects are (in Europe, and there is no reason to suppose it is different elsewhere), especially flies and short-tongued bees like Anthrena but, to a lesser degree, also long-tongued bees, beetles and even butterflies.

(1) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Rosa+laevigata [Cited 2009 April 15]. (2) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011269 [Cited 2009 April 13]. (32) http://www.actahort.org/books/288/288_50.htm [Cited 2009 April 13]. (4 http://books.google.com/books?id=O-tHGAaaf2cC&pg=PA349&lpg=PA349&dq=nitrogen+fixation+%2B+%22rosaceae%22&source=bl&ots=S-ks9sKjz7&sig=aPyR3wAXpAv9PBiw0QZiDvQtaFc&hl=en&ei=oO3jSYCBFqbyswPJg523CQ&sa
=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6#PPA348,M1 [Cited 2009 April 13].

6.06

Unknown

6.07

(1) The seed often takes two years to germinate.

(1) http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Rosa+laevigata [Cited 2009 April 13].

7.01

Unlikely. (1) Hip purple-brown, pyriform or obovoid, rarely subglobose, 0.8–1.5 cm in diam., densely glandular bristly, with persistent, erect sepals.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011269 [Cited 2009 April 13].

7.02

(1) San Marcos Growers have Rosa laevigata available. (2) Arne Herbs in the U.K. have Rosa laevigata for sale. (3) NWN nursery in Florida has Rosa laevigata for sale.

(1) http://www.smgrowers.com/info/vinelist.asp [Cited 2009 April 13]. (2) http://www.arneherbs.co.uk/find/rosa.asp [Cited 2009 April 15] (3) http://www.fosterfolly.com/home/Exotic%20Woody%202/index.php [Cited 2009 April 15].

7.03

No evidence of produce/seed contaminant. (1) Hip purple-brown, pyriform or obovoid, rarely subglobose, 0.8–1.5 cm in diam., densely glandular bristly, with persistent, erect sepals.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011269 [Cited 2009 April 13].

7.04

No adaptation for wind dispersal. (1) Hip purple-brown, pyriform or obovoid, rarely subglobose, 0.8–1.5 cm in diam., densely glandular bristly, with persistent, erect sepals.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011269 [Cited 2009 April 13].

7.05

No adaptation for water dispersal. (1) Hip purple-brown, pyriform or obovoid, rarely subglobose, 0.8–1.5 cm in diam., densely glandular bristly, with persistent, erect sepals.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011269 [Cited 2009 April 13].

7.06

(1) Birds flock to Rosa laevigata to feast on the rose hips.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/R/rosalaev.cfm [Cited April 13].

7.07

Unknown (1) Hip purple-brown, pyriform or obovoid, rarely subglobose, 0.8–1.5 cm in diam., densely glandular bristly, with persistent, erect sepals.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011269 [Cited 2009 April 13].

7.08

(1) Birds flock to Rosa laevigata to feast on the rose hips.

(1) http://www.floridata.com/ref/R/rosalaev.cfm [Cited April 13].

8.01

Unknown

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Unknown (1) Katie Cassel (Kōke‘e Museum) reported that Cherokee rose was susceptible to 20% triclopyr ester product in oil applied to cut surfaces.

(1) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/Data/WeedsHI/W_Rosa_laevigata.pdf [Cited 2009 April13].

8.04

Unknown (1) Avoid pruning.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/55764/ [Cited 2009 April 15].

8.05

Unknown