Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Rhaphiolepis indica (Indian hawthorn)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

3

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

Naturalized in (1)Taiwan and (2)Australia - 'A garden escape naturalized at Watson's bay and Bellevue Hill.'

(1)Flora or Taiwan. Vol 3: 92. (2) Beadle, N.C.W.. Evans, O.D. Carolin, R.C. Flora of the Sydney region. 1972. A.H.and A.W. Reed.

1.03

No evidence.

2.01

(1)Native to Southern China. (2)E. Asia - S. China from Yunnan eastwards.

(1)Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database. (2)http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Rhaphiolepis+indica

2.02

2.03

(1)Hardiness range 8A to 11. (2)Rocky hills[260] at elevations of 150 - 1600 metres

(1)Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database. (2)http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Rhaphiolepis+indica

2.04

(1)Native to Southern China. (2)E. Asia - S. China from Yunnan eastwards.

(1)Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database. (2)http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Rhaphiolepis+indica

2.05

(1)introduced to the United States. (2)Rocky hills[260] at elevations of 150 - 1600 metres (3)Taiwan and (4)Australia

(1)Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database. (2)http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Rhaphiolepis+indica (3) Flora or Taiwan. Vol 3: 92. (4)Beadle, N.C.W.. Evans, O.D. Carolin, R.C. Flora of the Sydney region. 1972. A.H.and A.W. Reed.

3.01

Naturalized in (1)Taiwan and (2)Australia - 'A garden escape naturalized at Watson's bay and Bellevue Hill.' 3)Naturalized, Lower Hunter Central Coast Vegetation Survey, Newcastle, NSW Australia

(1)Flora or Taiwan. Vol 3: 92. (2) Beadle, N.C.W.. Evans, O.D. Carolin, R.C. Flora of the Sydney region. 1972. A.H.and A.W. Reed. 3)http://www.ncc.nsw.gov.au/environ/education/naturewatch/nwflora.htm

3.02

No evidence.

3.03

No evidence.

3.04

Listed as a weed of unknown importance In Queensland, NSW Australia (designation = "X")

Randall. 2001. Garden Thugs. Plant Protection Quarterly

3.05

No evidence.

4.01

No evidence.

Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database.

4.02

No evidence.

4.03

No evidence.

4.04

No information.

4.05

No evidence.

4.06

1)This website lists 24 species to be associated with R. inidica. 2)one cultivar only was a host of fire blight, but this is a disease of apples and other pomes, not important crop in the Pacific .Erwinia amylovora was observed infecting and causing death of Rhaphiolepis indica cv. Olivia in Louisiana. Eight other cultivars of this plant were not infected.

1)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm 2)Holcomb, G. E.1998. First report of fire blight on Indian hawthorn cultivar Olivia in Louisiana. Plant Disease, , Vol.82, No.12, p.1402,

4.07

No evidence.

4.08

Fire resistant plant

http://oclandscape.com/articles/Firescape.html

4.09

(1)Partial shade to full sun. 'This is a perfect low maintenance small shrub in the sun. … Plants will not be as dense or flower well if grown in partial shade. In addition plants in less than 6 hours sun often lose foliage due to a leaf spot disease.' (2)shade-loving shrub.

(1)Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database. (2)http://www.plantadviser.com/plants/rhapindi.shtml

4.1

1)Clay, Sandy, Loam, alkaline, neutral and acidic. 2)Tolerates many different soils.

1)Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database. 2)http://westendnursery.com/plants/rhaphiolepis.shtml

4.11

No evidence - not a vine.

4.12

No evidence.

5.01

Shrub in the Rosaceae.

Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database.

5.02

5.03

5.04

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

No evidence of non-viability.

6.03

No information regarding hybridization.

6.04

No information.

6.05

No direct evidence. Probably not as the flower morphology does not suggest adaptation to specialist pollinator.

Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database.

6.06

Seeds, semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer. [Not sure whether it can propagates by vegetative means in the wild.]

http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Rosaceae/Rhaphiolepis_indica.html

6.07

No information.

7.01

Fleshy round fruits. Propagules do not have any means of attachment.

Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database.

7.02

Attractive blooms and fruits.' Probably yes as it is an attractive ornamental plant.

Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database.

7.03

No information on seed size and color.

7.04

7.05

7.06

(1)Fruit attracts birds. (2)Fruit is edible by birds. [No direct evidence but these reference along with the information that the fruits are fleshy and round strongly suggests that they may be dispersed by birds.

(1)Horticopia: Trees, Shrubs and Groundcover. CD-ROM database. (2)Horticopia A-Z. CD-ROM database.

7.07

Probably not because there is no evidence of the fruits bring sticky or the propagules having any means of attachment.

7.08

No direct evidence. Probably yes as the fruits are round, fleshy and attractive and edible to birds.

8.01

blue-black fruits with one or two large seeds each

http://www.floridata.com/ref/r/raph_ind.cfm

8.02

Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe

http://plants.gardenbed.com/56/5539_pro.asp

8.03

Three herbicides for possible control of Oxalis stricta and Brassica [=Sinapis] arvensis were applied to 9 cvs. of azalea [Rhododendron spp.] and other ornamentals. Glyphosate injured all Rhododendron. and most other spp.; in Euonymus japonicus and Rhaphiolepis sp. the margin of safety was small.

Self, R. L. 1975. Weed control study on assorted root cuttings.Proceedings, Southern Nurserymen's Association Research Conference. 20th Annual Report., pp.125-126

8.04

No information

8.05

Don’t know.