Pyracantha crenatoserrata (Hance) Rehder Family - Rosaceae Common Names(s) - firethorn, hou ji. Synonym(s) - Photinia crenatoserrata Hance (basionym), Pyracantha crenulata var. yunnanensis M. Vilm. ex Mottet, Pyracantha fortuneana auct., Pyracantha gibbsii var. yunnanensis Osborn, Pyracantha yunnanensis (P. Vilm. ex Mottet) Chitt.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

0

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

1

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2 or 3

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

5

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native: Asia-Temperate - China [requires cold stratification for germination]

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?30400 [Cited 2009 September 28].

2.02

(1) Native: Asia-Temperate - China [requires cold stratification for germination]

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?30400 [Cited 2009 September 28].

2.03

(1) USDA zones: 7, 8, 9. Thrives in Dry Climates, Hot Climates. Drought Tolerant, Low Maintenance (2) Thickets, stream sides, roadsides; 500--2800 m.

(1) http://www.sunnygardens.com/garden_plants/pyracantha/pyracantha_2449.php [Cited 2009 September 28]. (2) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011175 {Cited 2009 September 28].

2.04

(1) Naturalized in Hawaii

(1) http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/result.cfm?genus=
Pyracantha&species=crenatoserrata&rank1=&epithet1= [Cited 2009 September 28].

2.05

(1) Naturalized in Hawaii (2) Naturalized in Australia. (3) Introduced to California, naturalized in some areas.

(1) http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/result.cfm?genus=
Pyracantha&species=crenatoserrata&rank1=&epithet1= [Cited 2009 September 28]. (2) http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=S25 [Cited 2009 September 28]. (3) http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=8727 [Cited 2009 September 29].

3.01

(1) Naturalized in Hawaii (2) Naturalized in Australia.

(1) http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/result.cfm?genus=
Pyracantha&species=crenatoserrata&rank1=&epithet1= [Cited 2009 September 28]. (2) http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=S25 [Cited 2009 September 28].

3.02

(1) Cited as a garden escape. No evidence of management.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/pyracantha_crenatoserrata/ [Cited 2009 September 29].

3.03

(1) Cited as a garden escape. No evidence of management.

(1) http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/pyracantha_fortuneana/ [Cited 2009 September29] [syn. of Pyracantha crenatoserrata]

3.04

(1) Firethorns are mostly naturalised around habitation, particularly in urban woodlands and forests. Plants shade out native species and thorny thickets restrict access to invaded areas. (2) Considered a significant environmental weed in Australia.

(1) http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=S25 [Cited 2009 September 28]. (2) http://wwf.org.au/publications/ListInvasivePlants/ [Cited 2009 September 28].

3.05

(1) Pyracantha angustifolia is an invasive weed in Argentina where it affects woody recruitment, and enhances the recruitment of other woody species.

(1) Giantomasi, A., Tecco, P.A., Funes, G., Gurvich, D.E., Cabido, M., 2008. Canopy effects of the invasive shrub Pyracantha angustifolia on seed bank composition, richness and density in a montane shrubland (Córdoba, Argentina) [electronic resource]. Austral Ecology 33, 68-77.

4.01

(1) Watch out for stiff, sharp thorns.

(1) http://www.sunnygardens.com/garden_plants/pyracantha/pyracantha_2449.php [Cited 2009 September 28].

4.02

Unknown

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/ListParasites.html [Cited 2009 September 28].

4.04

Unknown

4.05

(1) "Although no specific mention has been seen for this species, it belongs to a genus where most, if not all members of the genus produce hydrogen cyanide, a poison that gives almonds their characteristic flavour. This toxin is found mainly in the leaves and seed and is readily detected by its bitter taste. It is usually present in too small a quantity to do any harm but any very bitter seed or fruit should not be eaten. In small quantities, hydrogen cyanide has been shown to stimulate respiration and improve digestion, it is also claimed to be of benefit in the treatment of cancer. In excess, however, it can cause respiratory failure and even death." (2) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (3) No evidence of toxicity in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Pyracantha+crenato-serrata [Cited 2009 September 28]. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 September 29]. (3) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/d?./temp/~FbgXPn:20:@sa [Cited 2009 September 29].

4.06

(1) Pyracantha species are highly susceptible to fireblight, for which there is not treatment except for pruning the affected area. Scab disease is another problem that affects species in this genus.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.07

(1) "Although no specific mention has been seen for this species, it belongs to a genus where most, if not all members of the genus produce hydrogen cyanide, a poison that gives almonds their characteristic flavour. This toxin is found mainly in the leaves and seed and is readily detected by its bitter taste. It is usually present in too small a quantity to do any harm but any very bitter seed or fruit should not be eaten. In small quantities, hydrogen cyanide has been shown to stimulate respiration and improve digestion, it is also claimed to be of benefit in the treatment of cancer. In excess, however, it can cause respiratory failure and even death." (2) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (3) No evidence of toxicity in Toxnet.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Pyracantha+crenato-serrata [Cited 2009 September 28]. (2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 September 29]. (3) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/d?./temp/~FbgXPn:20:@sa [Cited 2009 September 29].

4.08

Unknown

4.09

(1) Full sun, partial sun. (2) It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. Does not fruit well in shade. (3) Full sun.

(1) http://www.sunnygardens.com/garden_plants/pyracantha/pyracantha_2449.php [Cited 2009 September 28]. (2) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Pyracantha+crenato-serrata [Cited 2009 September 28]. (3) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/81431/ [Cited 2009 September 28].

4.10

(1) The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils, requires well-drained soil and can grow in heavy clay soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils.

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Pyracantha+crenato-serrata [Cited 2009 September 28].

4.11

(1) Shrubs to 3 m tall.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011175 {Cited 2009 September 28].

4.12

(1) Firethorns are mostly naturalised around habitation, particularly in urban woodlands and forests. Plants shade out native species and thorny thickets restrict access to invaded areas.

(1) http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=S25 [Cited 2009 September 28].

5.01

(1) Shrubs to 3 m tall. Lateral branches short, thornlike; young branchlets rusty pubescent, dark brown and glabrescent when old. Petiole glabrous or initially slightly pubescent; stipules not seen; leaf blade obovate or obovate-oblong, 1.5–6 × 0.5–2 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate, margin serrate with teeth incurved, apex obtuse or emarginate, sometimes shortly apiculate. Compound corymb rather loose, 3–4 cm in diam.; peduncle subglabrous; bracts caducous, lanceolate. Pedicel ca. 1 cm, subglabrous. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam. Hypanthium campanulate, abaxially glabrous. Sepals triangular, 1–1.5 mm, glabrous, margin entire, apex obtuse. Petals suborbicular, ca. 4 × 3 mm, apex rounded or obtuse. Stamens 20; filaments 3–4 mm. Ovary densely white pubescent apically; styles ca. as long as stamens. Pome orangish red or dark red, subglobose, ca. 5 mm; fruiting pedicel 2–5 mm; sepals persistent, erect. Fl.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011175 {Cited 2009 September 28].

5.02

(1) Rosaceae

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011175 {Cited 2009 September 28].

5.03

(1) Not a nitrogen fixer.

(1) http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Nitrogen-fixation [Cited 2009 September 28].

5.04

(1) Shrubs to 3 m tall. Lateral branches short, thornlike; young branchlets rusty pubescent, dark brown and glabrescent when old. Petiole glabrous or initially slightly pubescent; stipules not seen; leaf blade obovate or obovate-oblong, 1.5–6 × 0.5–2 cm, both surfaces glabrous, base cuneate, margin serrate with teeth incurved, apex obtuse or emarginate, sometimes shortly apiculate. Compound corymb rather loose, 3–4 cm in diam.; peduncle subglabrous; bracts caducous, lanceolate. Pedicel ca. 1 cm, subglabrous. Flowers ca. 1 cm in diam. Hypanthium campanulate, abaxially glabrous. Sepals triangular, 1–1.5 mm, glabrous, margin entire, apex obtuse. Petals suborbicular, ca. 4 × 3 mm, apex rounded or obtuse. Stamens 20; filaments 3–4 mm. Ovary densely white pubescent apically; styles ca. as long as stamens. Pome orangish red or dark red, subglobose, ca. 5 mm; fruiting pedicel 2–5 mm; sepals persistent, erect. Fl.

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011175 {Cited 2009 September 28].

6.01

No evidence.

6.02

(1) Propagation is possible from seed which must be refrigerated for 3 to 4 months to induce germination.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.03

Unknown [no direct information on hybridization]. (1) " Most of the firethorns in cultivation may be of hybrid origin, since the species cross readily when interplanted in nurseries."

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1) Flws small, 5-parted; pet circular, white; stam 15-20. [genus description] [flowers not specialized].

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

6.06

(1) Propagate by seed or cuttings.

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/81431/ [Cited 2009 September 28]

6.07

(1) Fast grower.

(1) http://www.sunnygardens.com/garden_plants/pyracantha/pyracantha_2449.php [Cited 2009 September 28].

7.01

(1) Pome orangish red or dark red, subglobose, ca. 5 mm; fruiting pedicel 2–5 mm; [no means of attachment]

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011175 {Cited 2009 September 28].

7.02

(1) Pyracantha crenatoserrata is cultivated in Hawaii.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. [Cited 2009 September29].

7.03

(1) Pyracantha species are excellent ornamentals with dense habit and foliage that sets off the vivid fruit [no evidence, but possible if seeds contaminate other potted ornamental plants sold commercially]

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. [Cited 2009 September29].

7.04

(1) Pome orangish red or dark red, subglobose, ca. 5 mm; fruiting pedicel 2–5 mm;

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011175 {Cited 2009 September 28].

7.05

(1) Pome orangish red or dark red, subglobose, ca. 5 mm; fruiting pedicel 2–5 mm;

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011175 {Cited 2009 September 28].

7.06

(1) Pome orangish red or dark red, subglobose, ca. 5 mm; fruiting pedicel 2–5 mm;

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011175 {Cited 2009 September 28].

7.07

(1) Pome orangish red or dark red, subglobose, ca. 5 mm; fruiting pedicel 2–5 mm;

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011175 {Cited 2009 September 28].

7.08

(1) Pome orangish red or dark red, subglobose, ca. 5 mm; fruiting pedicel 2–5 mm;

(1) http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011175 {Cited 2009 September 28].

8.01

Unknown

8.02

Unknown [no information on seed bank longevity]. (1) Propagation is possible from seed which must be refrigerated for 3 to 4 months to induce germination.

(1) Staples, G.S.H., D.R., 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

8.03

(1) A cut stump or frill treatment followed by Garlon (20% in FCO) was used at Kōkee State Park to control Pyracantha crenatoserrata. The treatment generated adequate mortality. (2) Pyracantha crenatoserrata is tolerant of pendimethalin, prodiamine, Rout, Surflan, and trifluralin + isoxaben.

(1) http://hawaiiconservation.org/_library/documents/2002_booklet.pdf [Cited 2009 September 29]. (2) http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/ldspmgt/Ldsp%20Turf%20Mgmt/PDFfiles/WG05800.pdf [cited 2009 September 29].

8.04

(1) Intolerant of root disturbance except when young. [no information on fire tolerance].

(1) http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Pyracantha+crenato-serrata [Cited 2009 September 28].

8.05

Unknown