Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Pseudomussaenda flava Verdc.; Mussaenda flava, Mussaenda luteola, Mussaenda lutea, Mussaenda glabra (hort) (dwarf yellow Mussaenda)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-6

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Origin: Tropical Africa, Asia, and Malaysia. (2)Origin: Tropical Africa

(1)http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=pseudomussaenda_flava (2)http://www.plantcare.com/catalog/tepPlantPage.php?PlantId=2049&url
SQL=+where+EntryLabels.SortEntryLabel+LIKE+%27M%25%27+&TotalOffset=
191&TotalNum=203&PHPSESSID=6c4150b95891e6c15bafff630858aa59

2.02

2.03

(1)Specimens around 750 m in native range (2)Temperature: 60-85°F, 16-29°C, high humidity

(1)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast?ssdp=01702991 (2)http://www.plantcare.com/catalog/tepPlantPage.php?PlantId=2049&url
SQL=+where+EntryLabels.SortEntryLabel+LIKE+%27M%25%27+&TotalOffset=
191&TotalNum=203&PHPSESSID=6c4150b95891e6c15bafff630858aa59

2.04

(1)Origin: Tropical Africa, Asia, and Malaysia. (2)Origin: Tropical Africa

(1)http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=pseudomussaenda_flava (2)http://www.plantcare.com/catalog/tepPlantPage.php?PlantId=2049&url
SQL=+where+EntryLabels.SortEntryLabel+LIKE+%27M%25%27+&TotalOffset=
191&TotalNum=203&PHPSESSID=6c4150b95891e6c15bafff630858aa59

2.05

(1) The species seems to be cultivated primarily in peninsular Thailand. It usually is planted in groups and is sometimes seen as a living fence
(2) Philippines
(3) plants for sale as a rare tropical ornamental in Florida

(1) http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:eQEeq3vLWzYJ:www.dnp.go.th/Botany/Bulletin/Bull31/PDF%2520files/11.Non-indigenous%2520Rubiaceae.pdf+Pseudomussaenda+flava&hl=en
(2) Siar, S. V. Rosario, T. L. (2001) Heterostyly in Mussaenda I. Dimorphism in floral characters of the pin and thrum morphs. Philippine Agricultural Scientist, 2001, Vol. 84, No. 1, pp. 64-71, 16 ref.
(3) http://www.toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/store/store.cgi?group=shrub

3.01

No evidence

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence of such structures.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Don’t know

4.05

No evidence

4.06

No evidence of associated pests or pathogens

4.07

No evidence

4.08

an evergreen shrub, requires humidity

http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=pseudomussaenda_flava

4.09

(1)This frost-tender tropical shrublet likes partial to full sun. ...Grow it in light shade to full sun, and you will be delighted by its bright splash of color for many months each year. (2)Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade

(1)http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=pseudomussaenda_flava (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/59740/

4.1

(1)"likes partial to full sun and moist, freely draining soil" (2)Soil Requirements: Moist, well drained

(1)http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=pseudomussaenda_flava (2)http://www.floridagardener.com/pom/Dwarf%20Mussaenda.htm

4.11

Not a climber - a shrub.

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:eQEeq3vLWzYJ:www.dnp.go.th/Botany/Bulletin/Bull31/PDF%2520files/11.Non-indigenous%2520Rubiaceae.pdf+Pseudomussaenda+flava&hl=en

4.12

No evidence

5.01

Shrubs to ca. 3 m tall.

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:eQEeq3vLWzYJ:www.dnp.go.th/Botany/Bulletin/Bull31/PDF%2520files/11.Non-indigenous%2520Rubiaceae.pdf+Pseudomussaenda+flava&hl=en

5.02

Shrubs to ca. 3 m tall.

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:eQEeq3vLWzYJ:www.dnp.go.th/Botany/Bulletin/Bull31/PDF%2520files/11.Non-indigenous%2520Rubiaceae.pdf+Pseudomussaenda+flava&hl=en

5.03

No evidence

5.04

Shrubs to ca. 3 m tall.

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:eQEeq3vLWzYJ:www.dnp.go.th/Botany/Bulletin/Bull31/PDF%2520files/11.Non-indigenous%2520Rubiaceae.pdf+Pseudomussaenda+flava&hl=en

6.01

No evidence

6.02

Propagation: Take semi-ripe cuttings in summer [Could not find this plant offered as seeds; suggests seeds not available]

http://www.floridagardener.com/pom/Dwarf%20Mussaenda.htm

6.03

No evidence

6.04

AB: "The phenomenon of heterostyly in Mussaenda was investigated. Based on the style and stamen lengths, the cultivars and species were classified as either pin or thrum type. The pin cultivars are 'Doña Eva', 'Doña Esperanza', 'Doña Hilaria', 'Maria Makiling' and 'Queen Sirikit'. The thrum cultivars are 'Mutya', 'Diwata', 'Doña Luz', 'Baby Aurora' (M. flava) and 'Doña Trining' (M. erythrophylla). Although its floral characters are not significantly different from those of the pin cultivars, 'Lakambini' is the only cultivar whose stamen and style are almost of the same length, a case of an intermediate type in Mussaenda reported for the first time. Dimorphism between the pin and thrum floral morphs is observed in terms of pollen size, pollen production, and in lengths of the anther, style, stigma lobes and papillae. Thrum morphs produced significantly more and bigger pollen grains but smaller and shorter stigma lobes and papillae than the pin morphs." [vegetatively propagated cultivars usually show only one o

Siar, S. V. Rosario, T. L. (2001) Heterostyly in Mussaenda I. Dimorphism in floral characters of the pin and thrum morphs. Philippine Agricultural Scientist, 2001, Vol. 84, No. 1, pp. 64-71, 16 ref.

6.05

Flowers: Narrowly funnel-shaped, golden yellow flowers [suggests insect]

http://www.floridagardener.com/pom/Dwarf%20Mussaenda.htm

6.06

No evidence

6.07

Rate of Growth: Moderate [no evidence that it produces seeds in cultivation]

http://www.floridagardener.com/pom/Dwarf%20Mussaenda.htm

7.01

No evidence

7.02

An ever-blooming, small, evergreen shrub excellent in containers. It blooms especially well during the warm months

http://toptropicals.com/cgi-bin/garden_catalog/cat.cgi?uid=pseudomussaenda_flava

7.03

No products

7.04

The most obvious character distinguishing Mussaenda from Pseudomussaenda is the fruit: it is indehiscent and berry-like in the former and a dehiscent capsule in the latter. Fruitsdry, capsular, oblong, to ca. 5 mm long, loculicidally splitting into two valves.

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:eQEeq3vLWzYJ:www.dnp.go.th/Botany/Bulletin/Bull31/PDF%2520files/11.Non-indigenous%2520Rubiaceae.pdf+Pseudomussaenda+flava&hl=en

7.05

No evidence that the species inhabits waterways.

7.06

fruit is a capsule. 'The most obvious character distinguishing Mussaenda from Pseudomussaenda is the fruit: it is indehiscent and berry-like in the former and a dehiscent capsule in the latter. Fruitsdry, capsular, oblong, to ca. 5 mm long, loculicidally splitting into two valves.'

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:eQEeq3vLWzYJ:www.dnp.go.th/Botany/Bulletin/Bull31/PDF%2520files/11.Non-indigenous%2520Rubiaceae.pdf+Pseudomussaenda+flava&hl=en

7.07

fruit is a capsule. 'The most obvious character distinguishing Mussaenda from Pseudomussaenda is the fruit: it is indehiscent and berry-like in the former and a dehiscent capsule in the latter. Fruitsdry, capsular, oblong, to ca. 5 mm long, loculicidally splitting into two valves.'

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:eQEeq3vLWzYJ:www.dnp.go.th/Botany/Bulletin/Bull31/PDF%2520files/11.Non-indigenous%2520Rubiaceae.pdf+Pseudomussaenda+flava&hl=en

7.08

fruit is a capsule. 'The most obvious character distinguishing Mussaenda from Pseudomussaenda is the fruit: it is indehiscent and berry-like in the former and a dehiscent capsule in the latter. Fruitsdry, capsular, oblong, to ca. 5 mm long, loculicidally splitting into two valves.'

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:eQEeq3vLWzYJ:www.dnp.go.th/Botany/Bulletin/Bull31/PDF%2520files/11.Non-indigenous%2520Rubiaceae.pdf+Pseudomussaenda+flava&hl=en

8.01

Fruitsdry, capsular, oblong, to ca. 5 mm long, loculicidally splitting into two valves.'

http://66.102.7.104/search?q=cache:eQEeq3vLWzYJ:www.dnp.go.th/Botany/Bulletin/Bull31/PDF%2520files/11.Non-indigenous%2520Rubiaceae.pdf+Pseudomussaenda+flava&hl=en

8.02

No evidence regarding seedbank.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

"sometimes seen as a living fence." [living fence might tolerate heavy pruning]

http://www.dnp.go.th/Botany/Bulletin/Bull31/PDF%20files/11.Non-indigenous%20Rubiaceae.pdf

8.05

Don’t know