Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Pritchardia pacifica (Fiji fan palm)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-4

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

No evidence of naturalization. 'Unknown in the wild state. Cultivated in Tonga, Samoa and Fiji.'

Ellison and Ellison. Cultivated Palms of the world. UNSW press.

1.03

No evidence

2.01

'It is well suited to tropical and subtropical regions.'

Ellison and Ellison. Cultivated Palms of the world. UNSW press.

2.02

No evidence of naturalization.

2.03

Hardiness range 10B -11

http://www.hortpix.com/pc3441.htm

2.04

Native to Fiji, Tonga and Samoa.

http://www.thaipalms.com/encyclopedia/Pritchardiapacifica.html

2.05

(1)Introduced to Europe. (2)Thailand (3)Hawaii (4)Florida

(1)Blatter, E.B. 1926. The palms of the British Islands and Ceylon. Oxford University press. (2)http://www.thaipalms.com/encyclopedia/Pritchardiapacifica.html (3)http://www.tropical-seeds.com/tech_forum/pubs_res/land_flor3.html (4)http://www.plantapalm.com/centralfl/Davewittfreeze.htm

3.01

No evidence of naturalization. 'Unknown in the wild state. Cultivated in Tonga, Samoa and Fiji.'

Ellison and Ellison. Cultivated Palms of the world. UNSW press.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence

Bose, T.K., Das, P. and Maiti, G.G. 1998. Trees of the world. Vol 1. Regional plant resource center. India.

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

No information

4.05

No evidence

4.06

susceptible to lethal yellowing

HOWARD-F-W; WILLIAMS-D-S; NORRIS-R-C. 1984. INSECT TRANSMISSION OF LETHAL YELLOWING TO YOUNG PALMS. International-Journal-of-Entomology. 26 :331-338

4.07

The small fruits are edible

Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical ornamentals. Timber Press, Portland.

4.08

Unlikely -- single trunk, with leaves high above, plants widely spaced in nature

4.09

(1) 'prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun' (2)Plant suitable for shaded areas

(1)http://www.hortpix.com/pc3441.htm (2)http://www.tropical-seeds.com/tech_forum/pubs_res/land_flor3.html

4.1

Fertile, well-drained soils, limestone

Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical ornamentals. Timber Press, Portland.

4.11

No evidence - not a vine.

4.12

No evidence

5.01

It is a palm.

http://www.thaipalms.com/encyclopedia/Pritchardiapacifica.html

5.02

It is a palm.

5.03

It is a palm.

5.04

It is a palm.

6.01

No evidence

6.02

'Seeds from this species are easy to germinate and need up to 1 month to sprout.'

http://www.rarepalmseeds.com/pix/PriPac.shtml

6.03

likely 'Hybridization may occur when several Pritchardia species are planted near each other. '

http://www2.hawaii.edu/~eherring/hawnprop/pri-spp.htm

6.04

No information.

6.05

Palms:Anemophilous, orentomophilous (more often).

http://biodiversity.uno.edu/delta/angio/www/palmae.htm

6.06

'Seeds from this species are easy to germinate and need up to 1 month to sprout.' Did not find evidence of its ability to reproducing vegetatively.

http://www.rarepalmseeds.com/pix/PriPac.shtml

6.07

R. Criley, UH Department of Horticulture, personal communication

7.01

Probably not as the seeds do not have any means of attachment.

7.02

Probably yes as it is an attractive palm. 'It can be grown in gardens as and ornamental plant.'

Bose, T.K., Das, P. and Maiti, G.G. 1998. Trees of the world. Vol 1. Regional plant resource center. India.

7.03

Probably not as the species does not seem to be involved in trade of produce.

7.04

Fruits globose and about 1 cm in diameter.

Bose, T.K., Das, P. and Maiti, G.G. 1998. Trees of the world. Vol 1. Regional plant resource center. India.

7.05

Fruits globose and about 1 cm in diameter. (possibly could float? Salt-tolerant plant)

7.06

Fruits globose and about 1 cm in diameter.

7.07

Fruits globose and about 1 cm in diameter.

7.08

Fruits globose and about 1 cm in diameter.

8.01

Fruits globose and about 1 cm in diameter (unlikely -- produces several inflorescences near the trunk, each with 100 + seeds, but the fans (leaves) make a large canopy area)

Bose, T.K., Das, P. and Maiti, G.G. 1998. Trees of the world. Vol 1. Regional plant resource center. India.

8.02

Palms:Depending on the species, seed viability varies from several weeks to six to twelve months.

http://www.junglemusic.net/Seed%20Germination%20Notes.htm

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

If the trunk of a single-stemmed palm is broken, whether completely severed at the base or anywhere along its length,splintered or sharply bent (kinked) at some point along its length -- that palm is unredeemably damaged and cannot be save. Palm stems have no ability to heal as do broad-leaved trees.

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_EP064.html

8.05

Rats?