Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Family - Poaceae. Common Names(s) - rabbitfoot grass. Synonym(s) - Alopecurus monspeliensis L.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic+B28

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

18

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)DISTRIBUTION Europe: northern, southwestern, southeastern, and eastern. Africa: north, Macaronesia, west tropical, northeast tropical, east tropical, southern tropical, south, middle Atlantic ocean, and western Indian ocean. Asia-temperate: Siberia, Soviet far east, Soviet Middle Asia, Caucasus, western Asia, Arabia, China, Mongolia, and eastern Asia. Asia-tropical: India, Indo-China, and north Indian ocean. Australasia: Australia and New Zealand. Pacific: north-central. North America: Subarctic, western Canada, eastern Canada, northwest USA, north-central USA, northeast USA, southwest USA, south-central USA, southeast USA, and Mexico. South America: Mesoamericana, Caribbean, western South America, Brazil, and southern South America. Antarctic: Subantarctic islands. (2)Polypogon monspeliensis L. (Poaceae) has a multi-phytogeographic distribution: Mediterranean, Irano-Turanian, Saharo-Arabian and tropical regions. [broad native range both termperate and tropical]

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [Accessed 01 July 2008] (2)Gutterman, Y. 2002. Survival Strategies of Annual Desert Plants. Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Germany.

2.02

[broad native range both temperate and tropical]

2.03

(1)"in Hawaii, naturalized and common in mesic to wet sites such as roadside drainages, wet pastures, and along streams, 0-1200 m, on Midway Atoll, Kauai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii." [elevation range >1000 m] (2)Elevation: between 0 and 6889 feet [California]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6784 [Accessed 25 June 2008]

2.04

(1)"in Hawaii, naturalized and common in mesic to wet sites such as roadside drainages, wet pastures, and along streams, 0-1200 m, on Midway Atoll, Kauai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii."

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.05

(1)Europe, the Mediterranean and in the temperate parts of Asia and Africa, introduced into most temperate and warm regions of the Globe

(1)http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555%2FAL.AP.FLORA.FZ7959 [Accessed 25 June 2008]

3.01

(1)"in Hawaii, naturalized and common in mesic to wet sites such as roadside drainages, wet pastures, and along streams, 0-1200 m, on Midway Atoll, Kauai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii." (2)Polypogon monspeliensis, a monocot, is an annual herb that is not native to California; it was introduced from elsewhere and naturalized in the wild (3)naturalized in s. Africa, Australia, New Zealand, United States (including Hawaii), Canada, Central America, South America, & Mascarenes (4)This is a widely introduced weed naturalized in most warm-temperate regions. (5)Netherlands: Very rare naturalized near the coast, mainly in the Delta Area in Zeeland. Belgium: Rare naturalized. (6)Origin Status: exotic or introduced species/naturalized in B.C. [Canada] (7)Only one non-native exotic plant species was found in field surveys, annual rabbitsfoot grass (Polypogon monspeliensis), a European species widely naturalized in disturbed wetland areas. [Isle aux Herbes, Alabama]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6784 [Accessed 25 June 2008] (3)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?29317 [Accessed 25 June 2008] (4)http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200026070 [Accessed 07 July 2008] (5)http://home.hccnet.nl/k.dijkstra/baardgras.htm [Accessed 07 July 2008] (6)http://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/Atlas/Atlas.aspx?sciname=Polypogon%20monspeliensis [Accessed 07 July 2008] (7)Herder, T. 2006. Characterization of Isle Aux Herbes Is Completed. Alabama Curerent Connection. Winter 2006-2007 1(4): 4. Available from http://www.mobilebaynep.com/site/news_pubs/AL%20Current-Winter%202007.pdf [Accessed 07 July 2008]

3.02

Disturbance weed with environmental impacts [see Question 3.04] (1)In waste land, rubbish tips or in cultivated land, also in salt marshes; usually in damp soil (2)weed, species characteristic of disturbed places, wetland-riparian

(1)http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555%2FAL.AP.FLORA.FZ7959 [Accessed 25 June 2008] (2)http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6784 [Accessed 25 June 2008]

3.03

No evidence [A produce contaminant, but no evidence of reduced yield or economic loss. See 7.03]

3.04

(1)On sites of vernal pools in the Central Valley of California, Polypogon monspeliensis is named as one of several species threatening to several plants considered for 'endangered' or 'threatened' status, specifically Orcuttia inaequalis, Orcuttia pilosa, Tuctoria greenei (Federal Register 1997). (2)Polypogon monspeliensis is widespread across the U.S. but is more common in the west. In the Sonoran region, it is one of the most successful riparian exotics. In Grand Canyon National Park it is exhibiting a moderate rate of increase in numbers of individuals and populations. In California, Polypogon monspeliensis occurs in serpentine and nonserpentine foothill grasslands which contain native species that are critically endangered. It also occurs in salt marshes with freshwater inflows, waste places, wet pastures, wet soil in ditches and marshes, and along lakes and ponds. Polypogon monspeliensis forms dense swards that crowd out native plants and prevent their regeneration. It may have allelopathic effects. Apparently, most of its negative impacts on biodiversiy are in California and Arizona but more information is needed. More information is also needed about its trends. (3)Annual Beardgrass (Polypogon monspeliensis) is abundant at Illparpa Swamp but was only recorded at one survey site (Running Waters). It has also been recently recorded in the Musgrave Ranges of northern South Australia (A. Duguid, obs. 2002), where it was common along a rocky upland creek with flowing spring water. This species may become a serious weed of long-term swamps and could potentially compete with rare wetland plants such as Eleocharis papillosa and Imperata cylindrica. (4)Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. (annual rabbitsfoot grass; Poaceae) is an annual grass that expands episodically in high salt marshes of southern California. When rainfall is sufficient to lower soil salinities, the numerous seeds of this species germinate and establish seedlings (Callaway and Zedler, 1998; Kuhn and Zedler, 1997). Since annual grasses are not a natural component of this community, its presence is obvious during the dry summer, when its pale dead stems contrast with evergreen halophytes. In experiments, P. monspeliensis produced higher biomass than a native associate, Salicornia virginica (Callaway and Zedler, 1998).

(1)Guertin, P. 2003. Factsheet for: Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.USGS Weeds in the West project: Status of Introduced Plants in Southern Arizona Parks. U.S. Geological Survey / Southwest Biological Science Center. Tucson,AZ. (2)NatureServe. 2008. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. [Accessed 01 July 2008]. (3)http://www.nt.gov.au/nreta/wildlife/nature/pdf/aridwetlands/threats.pdf [Accessed 07 July 2008] (4)Zedler, J. B. and S. Kercher. 2004. Causes and Consequences of Invasive Plants in Wetlands: Opportunities, Opportunists, and Outcomes. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 23(5):431–452.

3.05

(1)Several species of Polypogon listed as agricultural or environmental weeds

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamep.htm [Accessed 07 July 2008]

4.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

(1)Abstract The question of whether annual weeds are allelopathic under natural conditions still remains to be critically answered. Investigations were carried out to understand the involvement and mode of operation of allelopathy in an annual weed, Polypogon monspeliensis. Comparative studies of soils associated with and without the weed under field conditions revealed that there was no significant difference in toxicity of the two soils, and thus the possibility of its allelopathic effect on crops grown in the same season could be ruled out. However, soil amended with weed straw had significantly higher total phenolics including higher relative concentrations of phenolic fractions that were not detected in unamended soil. Phenolic fractions significantly affected the seedling growth of radish and cluster bean. It is likely that P. monspeliensis did not interfere chemically with the crops cultivated during the same season, but interfered with the following season crop through incorporated straw. These results indicate how a monocarpic annual such as P. monspeliensis can be allelopathic under field conditions and allelopathic potential can be managed. We suggest that before detailed investigations on allelopathy are performed as per earlier recommended protocols, data on weed life cycle pattern and agricultural practices should be collected. [allelopathic on following seasons crops] (2)During trials, it was demonstrated that allelopathic phenols of Polypogon monspeliensis' straw inhibited the root growth of radish and cluster bean, and also the shoot growth of radish (Indejit and Dakshini 1995). They pointed out that this implies that Polypogon monspeliensis doesn’t affect crops (or plants) growing with it, but only those plants growing in following seasons on a site having its dried biomass present.

(1)Callaway, J.C. and J.B. Zedler. 1995. Allelopathic potential of an annual weed, Polypogon monspeliensis, in crops in India. Plant and Soil 173(2): 251-257. (2)Guertin, P. 2003. Factsheet for: Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.USGS Weeds in the West project: Status of Introduced Plants in Southern Arizona Parks. U.S. Geological Survey / Southwest Biological Science Center. Tucson,AZ.

4.03

No evidence

4.04

(1)Uses: Use flower fresh or dried in arrangements. Considered weedy. Usedfor forage by livestock. (2)Food habits of plains vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus), greater rhea (Rhea americana) and cattle (Bos taurus) in the Parana River Delta, Argentina, were studied over 2 years using micro- histological analysis of faeces. This was the first study of feeding habits of these herbivores grazing in common in a wetland of Argentina. Poaceae was the main diet component throughout the year for all 3 herbivores, with the exception of spring and summer, [P. monspeliensis included in diet of vizcacha and cattle]

(1)http://msuplants.com/pd.asp?pid=1514 [Accessed 01 July 2008] (2)Pereira, J. A., R. D. Quintana and S. Monge. 2003. Diets of Plains Vizcacha, Greater Rhea and Cattle in Argentina. Journal of Range Management 56(1): 13-20.

4.05

If nematodes or bacteria were present in Hawaii, animals could be indirectly poisoned by infected seedheads (1)Abstract: Flood plain staggers, a recently discovered poisoning of livestock, has been linked to Clavibacter toxicus infection in the seedheads of blown grass, Agrostis avenacea, in northern New South Wales and annual beardgrass, Polypogon monspeliensis, in the southeast of South Australia (Australia). The same bacterium on annual ryegrass, Lolium rigidum, causes the poisoning of livestock known as annual ryegrass toxicity. Strains of C. toxicus from A. avenacea and P. monspeliensis were indistinguishable from strains from L. rigidum based on colony morphology, serological reactions, and bacteriophage specificity. Bacteriophages isolated from C. toxicus on the three hosts were indistinguishable from each other based on DNA restriction patterns. In allozyme studies, considerable variation was observed between the C. toxicus strains from the three hosts, but the variation was within the range exhibited by a single species. C. toxicus is carried into L. rigidum by a seed gall-forming nematode, Anguina funesta. Anguina nematodes are also associated with C. toxicus infection of A. avenacea and P. monspeliensis. Allozyme studies indicate that the same Anguina species probably infects both grasses, and that it is not Anguina funesta, Anguina agrostis, Anguina tritici, or the species found on velvetgrass (Holcus lanatus). This is the first recording of a nematode other than Anguina funesta as a vector for C. toxicus. The new vector broadens the range of grasses that the bacterium can infect. [indirect toxicity] (2)Corynetoxins are among the most lethal toxins produced in nature (18), the product of a unique association between the plant pathogenic bacterium Clavibacter toxicus and a bacteriophage. These are carried into the developing seedheads of a number of grasses including annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) Gaudin, blown grass (Agrostis avenacea C. Gemelin), and annual beard grass (Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.), by seed gall-forming nematodes Anguina spp. (41, 50). A number of Clavibacter/Anguina associations have been found (73), but only those involving C. toxicus are known to be toxigenic...The discovery of flood plain staggers renewed interest in a livestock problem in the south-east of South Australia. Stock losses had occurred in this area for more than 20 years on pastures prone to winter flooding and dominated by P. monspeliensis (P. R. Giesecke, personal communication), but the cause had not been identified. Soon after C. toxicus was discovered in the seedheads of A. avenacea in northern New South Wales, seedheads of P. monspeliensis infected with a yellow bacterium were found in the south-east region of South Australia (C. Trengove, personal communication). The bacterium was identified as C. toxicus and the nematode vectors associated with both grasses appeared to be the same species (41). Flood plain staggers is now used to describe the corynetoxin poisoning associated with both of these grasses.[Indirect poisoning]

(1) McKay, A. C., Ophel, Kathy M., Reardon, Terry B. and Gooden, Jan M. 1993. Livestock deaths associated with Clavibacter toxicus/Anguina sp. infection in seedheads of Agrostis avenacea and Polypogon monspeliensis. Plant Disease 77(6): 635-641. (2)McKay, A. C. and K. M. Ophel. 1993. Toxigenic Clavibacter/Anguina Associations Infecting Grass Seedheads. Annual Review of Phytopathology 31: 151-167

4.06

Possibly.See Question 4.05 "Toxic to Animals" [P. Monspeliensis may be host for bacteria that can poison livestock] (1)HOST LIST FOR NEW ZEALAND SMUT FUNGI...Polypogon [Poaceae] P. monspeliensis (L.) Desf. - Jamesdicksonia dactylidis. [no evidence that this is an important crop pest]

(1)McKenzie, E. H. C. and K. Vanky. 2001. Smut fungi of New Zealand: An introduction, and list of recorded species. New Zealand Journal of Botany 39: 501-515.

4.07

(1)Table 1. Common allergenic plants of different seasons in India...Spring (Feb–April)...Polypogon monspeliensis [no evidence that this species causes widespread allergic reaction]

(1)Singh, A.B. and P. Kumar. 2003. Aeroallegenes in clinical practice of allergy in India. An overview. Ann Agric Environ Med 10: 131–136.

4.08

No evidence [unlikely given occurrence in wetland habitats]

4.09

(1)Polypogon monspeliensis prefers sites having full sunlight or light shade

(1)Guertin, P. 2003. Factsheet for: Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.USGS Weeds in the West project: Status of Introduced Plants in Southern Arizona Parks. U.S. Geological Survey / Southwest Biological Science Center. Tucson,AZ.

4.10

(1)Polypogon monspeliensis thrives in fertile, moist to wet, well-drained soils (occurring around seeps, springs, irrigation ditches, ponds, and streams)

(1)Guertin, P. 2003. Factsheet for: Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.USGS Weeds in the West project: Status of Introduced Plants in Southern Arizona Parks. U.S. Geological Survey / Southwest Biological Science Center. Tucson,AZ.

4.11

(1)Annuals, culms tufted

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

(1)"It is invasive because it forms dense swards that crowd out native plants and prevent their regeneration"

(1)Weber, E. 2005. Invasive Plant Species of the World. A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

5.01

(1)"in Hawaii, naturalized and common in mesic to wet sites such as roadside drainages, wet pastures, and along streams, 0-1200 m, on Midway Atoll, Kauai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii." [not truly aquatic]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

Poaceae

5.03

Poaceae

5.04

No evidence

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1)life strategy: an annual, C3 graminoid. Reproduces by seeds. 2n=28, 35.

(1)Guertin, P. 2003. Factsheet for: Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.USGS Weeds in the West project: Status of Introduced Plants in Southern Arizona Parks. U.S. Geological Survey / Southwest Biological Science Center. Tucson,AZ.

6.03

(1)Creeping bentgrass has also been reported to form intergeneric hybrids with rabbitfoot grass (Polypogon monspeliensis) (2)Polypogon monspeliensis reportedly hybridizes with Agrostis stolonifera (3)Intergeneric hybrids have also be reported between Agrostis and Polypogon (Björkman, 1960). The following Polypogon species have documented as hybridizing with creeping bentgrass: 1) Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) R. Desfontaines, the hybrid between these two taxa occurs frequently enough that taxonomists have given it a name, x Agropogon littoralis (J.E. Smith) C.E. Hubbard;

(1)Wipff, J.K. & Fricker, C. .2001. Gene flow from transgenic creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, 9: 224–242. (2)Welsh, S.L., N.D. Atwood, S. Goodrich, and L.C. Higgins (eds.). 1987. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Brigham Young University, Provo, UT. 894 pp. (3)Wipff, J. K. 2002. Gene flow in turf and forage grasses (Poaceae). Pp. 143-162 in Ecological and Agronomic Consequences of Gene Flow from Transgenic Crops to Wild Relatives Meeting Proceedings. The Ohio State University Columbus, OH March 5th and 6th, 2002. Available from http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~asnowlab/Proceedings.pdf.

6.04

Possible [no information on self-compatibility] (1)The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Wind.

http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Polypogon+monspeliensis [Accessed 07 July 2008]

6.05

(1)The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Wind.

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Polypogon+monspeliensis [Accessed 25 June 2008]

6.06

(1)Vegetative proliferation has been observed in Polypogon monspeliensis in a population located on the New Mexico State University campus; spikelets were modified into plantlets with the lemma, palea, and flower being transformed into a plantlet arising between two normal glumes (Roalson and Allred 1997). It was noted that these plantlets doubtfully developed further into new plants. [possibly can reproduce vegetatively]

(1)Guertin, P. 2003. Factsheet for: Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.USGS Weeds in the West project: Status of Introduced Plants in Southern Arizona Parks. U.S. Geological Survey / Southwest Biological Science Center. Tucson,AZ.

6.07

(1)Annuals

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.01

No evidence [several other dispersal methods documented]

7.02

(1)The compact silky inflorescence is used in fresh and dried flower arrangements

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Polypogon+monspeliensis [Accessed 25 June 2008]

7.03

(1)The compact silky inflorescence is used in fresh and dried flower arrangements [seeds can be spread unintentionally in floral arrangements] (2)Weed: also potential seed contaminant (3)Abstract: Forty-nine weeds belonging to 21 families were collected and identified from four different wheat growing localities in Multan. The families in decreasing order of weed species were Poaceae (11 spp.), Asteraceae and Fabaceae (each with 7 spp.) Brassicaceae (3 spp.) Chenopodiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Polygonaceae and Solanaceae (each with 2 spp.), and Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cyperaceae, Fumariaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, Oxalidaceae, Primulaceae, Ranunculaceae and Verbenaceae (each with one spp). Among forty-nine weed species, thirty species were found growing in all the four localities while eight species were recorded from only a single locality. Of the weeds studied, Anagalis arvensis, Convolvulus arvensis, Coronopus didymus, Cynodon dactylon, Melilotus indicus, Polypogon monspeliensis and Rumex chalepensis had maximum percentage frequency (80-100%) at all the four localities while Ageratum graveolens, Brachiaria ramosa, Datura inoxia, Pisum arvense and Ranunculus muricatus and minimum percentage frequency (5-10%).

(1)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Polypogon+monspeliensis [Accessed 25 June 2008] (2)http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?29317 [Accessed 25 June 2008] (3)Bokhari, M. H., A. A. Dasti and S. Ahmad. 1986. PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON WEEDS OF WHEAT IN MULTAN PAKISTAN. Biologia 32(2): 289-304.

7.04

(1)The following dispersal vectors were assigned by Carr et al. (1992)...Polypogon monspeliensis: animal (external), water, wind, and possibly animal (internal)

(1)Carr, G.W., Yugovic, J.V. and Robinson, K.E. 1992. Environmental Weed Invasions in Victoria. Department of Conservation and Environment. Melbourne.

7.05

(1)Polypogon monspeliensis is frequent on moist soil throughout most of Arizona, occurring in river bottoms, swales, streams, and mountain canyons; occurring at 100- 8200 ft. (30-2500 m) in elevation (Parker 1972). It also can be present on irrigated sites, cultivated fields, pastures, ditches, and roadsides (Parker 1972). In Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Polypogon monspeliensis can become locally common to abundant in low wet places, waterholes, along washes during exceptionally wet springs (Felger 1990). (2)In many southern California salt marshes, increased freshwater inflows have promoted the establishment of exotic plant species [referring to P. monspeliensis in California]

(1)Guertin, P. 2003. Factsheet for: Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.USGS Weeds in the West project: Status of Introduced Plants in Southern Arizona Parks. U.S. Geological Survey / Southwest Biological Science Center. Tucson,AZ. (2)Kuhn, N. L. and J. B. Zedler. 1997. Differential Effects of Salinity and Soil Saturation on Native and Exotic Plants of a Coastal Salt Marsh. Estuaries 20(2): 391-403.

7.06

(1)Rabbit-foot grass is a heavy seed-producer; its seeds are eaten by birds [birds act as seed predators, not dispersers]

(1)http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/polmon.html [Accessed 25 June 2008]

7.07

(1)Polypogon monspeliensis seeds were noted to adhere to wool and skin of animals (Ridley 1930). Drezner et al. (2001) states that at the Hassayampa River Preserve Polypogon monspeliensis seeds are dispersed by animals.

(1)Guertin, P. 2003. Factsheet for: Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.USGS Weeds in the West project: Status of Introduced Plants in Southern Arizona Parks. U.S. Geological Survey / Southwest Biological Science Center. Tucson,AZ.

7.08

Possibly (1)The following dispersal vectors were assigned by Carr et al. (1992)...Polypogon monspeliensis: animal (external), water, wind, and possibly animal (internal)

(1)Carr, G.W., Yugovic, J.V. and Robinson, K.E. 1992. Environmental Weed Invasions in Victoria. Department of Conservation and Environment. Melbourne.

8.01

(1)Polypogon monspeliensis produces more than 1000 seeds per plant

(1)NatureServe. 2008. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. (Accessed: July 7, 2008 ).

8.02

(1)Seeds remain viable in the soil for 1 to 5 years

(1)NatureServe. 2008. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. (Accessed: July 7, 2008 ).

8.03

(1)Table 1. Herbicide information for control of rabbitfoot grass [seven herbicides listed for control of P. monspeliensis]

(1)Guertin, P. 2003. Factsheet for: Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.USGS Weeds in the West project: Status of Introduced Plants in Southern Arizona Parks. U.S. Geological Survey / Southwest Biological Science Center. Tucson,AZ.

8.04

(1)Scattered plants can be hand pulled or cut, larger populations can be controlled with herbicide (Weber 2003). Salt applications may control Polypogon monspeliensis in salt marshes where increased freshwater inflows have promoted its establishment (Kuhn and Zedler 1997). Polypogon monspeliensis has reduced growth at high salinities (Kuhn and Zedler 1997). In Grand Canyon National Park, it does not resprout following the removal of above ground growth (APRS Implementation Team 2001).

(1)NatureServe. 2008. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. (Accessed: July 7, 2008 ).

8.05

Unknown