Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Podocarpus macrophyllus; yew plum pine, Kusamaki, Japanese yew

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

y

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

4

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-3

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

(1)USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Podocarpus+macrophyllus (11 December 2003) (2)http://plants.gardenbed.com/50/4967_lan.asp

(1) Distributional range:
Native:
ASIA-TEMPERATE Eastern Asia: Japan - Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Islands, Shikoku; Taiwan (2)Habitat: Mountains, C. and S. Japan

2.02

2.03

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=ref_search&viewsrc=lists/search.cfm (3)http://www.jgarden.org/plants.asp?ID=55

(1)Hardiness Range 8B to 11 (2)Good coastal plant; tolerates salt spray and withstands heat [Florida] (3)Native habitat: Deep mountains

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN)
[Online Database].
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Podocarpus+macrophyllus (11 December 2003)

Distributional range:
Native:
ASIA-TEMPERATE  Eastern Asia: Japan - Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Islands, Shikoku; Taiwan [mountain]

2.05

(1) Zhang QingFei; Pang MingYu; Jiang YiHua; Hu Gang (2000) The bactericidal and aromatic volatiles of the main greenery tree species in Shanghai. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment, 2000, Vol.9, No.2, pp.62-64, 4 ref.
(2) Iqbal, S. H.; Shahbaz; Ghazala Nazim (1990) State of mycorrhizae in some ornamental gymnospermous tree species of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Forestry, 1990, Vol.40, No.3, pp.237-246, 31 ref.
(3) Parnell, J. R. (1989) Ornamental plant growth responses to different application rates of reclaimed water. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 1989, Vol.102, pp.89-92, 3 ref.

(1) China; (2) Pakistan; (3) Florida

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.52

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

(1)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:MAPZgM8z5msJ:ucce.ucdavis.edu
/files/filelibrary/1808/1336.pdf+Podocarpus+macrophyllus+palatability&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 (2)http://www.jgarden.org/plants.asp?ID=55

(1) Listed as a deer resistant plant. (2)They are favorites not only for their character and beauty but for their unsavory flavor to deer.

4.05

no evidence

4.06

Uematsu, H. (1979) Studies on life table for an armored scale insect, Aonidiella taxus Leonardi (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Science Bulletin of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 1979, Vol.33, No.2/3, pp.79-86, 8 ref.

Aonidiella taxus Leon. is recognized as a pest on other Podocarpus species [not counted since all these are of minor economic importance]

4.07

(1) http://www.streetside.com/plants/floridata/ref/p/podo_m.htm (2) http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/poison/Podocma.htm

(1) Little berries produced are edible and not poisonous (2) Severity: CAUSES ONLY LOW TOXICITY IF EATEN.

4.08

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

Highly flammable [but don't know anything about fire in natural habitats - moist mountain regions of Japan and China]

4.09

(1)Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7. (2)http://www.ag.auburn.edu/landscape/256.html (3)http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=ref_search&viewsrc=lists/search.cfm

(1)Exposure Full shade to full sun (2)Very tolerant of dense shade. (3)Volunteer seedlings often appear in the shade of well mulched female individuals.

4.1

(1) Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-8.
(2) http://plants.usda.gov/index.html
(3) http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/PODMACA.pdf

(1) Soil Condition Loamy, sandy, clay, acidic, neutral, slightly alkaline, tolerates salt well, drought toleran
(2) Adapted to Fine Textured Soils: No; Adapted to Medium Textured Soils: yes
(3) It will tolerate a wide variety of well-drained, acidic soils.

4.11

tree

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Podocarpaceae

5.03

http://plants.usda.gov/index.html

Nitrogen Fixation: None

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

USDA, NRCS. 2002. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Propagated by Seed: Yes

6.03

no evidence

6.04

(1)Hizume, M.; Shiraishi, H.; Tanaka, A. (1988) A cytological study of Podocarpus macrophyllus with special reference to sex chromosomes. Japanese Journal of Genetics, 1988, Vol.63, No.5, pp.413-423, 12 ref. (2)http://plants.gardenbed.com/50/4967_cul.asp

(1)Observations during mitosis and meiosis showed that chromosome numbers were 2n=38 in females (all telocentric) and 2n=37 in males (36 telocentric and 1 large submetacentric chromosome). Chromosome behaviour strongly suggested that gender was determined by an XXY chromosome system.
[dioecious] (2)This species is normally dioecious, though monoecious forms are sometimes found. Male and female plants must usually be grown if seed is required.

6.05

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.52

Flowers; male catkin-likecones, yellow to 1.5 inch long [wind-pollination syndrome]

6.06

USDA, NRCS. 2002. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Vegetative Spread Rate: None

6.07

(1)http://www.floridata.com/main_fr.cfm?state=ref_search&viewsrc=lists/search.cfm (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ST495

(1)moderate to slow rate of growth (2)Growth rate: slow [minimum estimate for a slow growing large tree]

7.01

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.52

unlikely, relatively large diaspore

7.02

Kakabadze, E. V.; Vardaniya, K. Kh. (1986) Podocarpus cultivation in Abkhazia. Subtropicheskie Kul'tury, 1986, No.3, pp.126-131, 4 ref.

"Introduced Podocarpus species are recommended as ornamental trees for parks and other public places."

7.03

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.52

unlikely, relatively large diaspore

7.04

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.53

unlikely, relatively large diaspore

7.05

no evidence

7.06

Horticopia A-Z.Horticopia, Inc., Purcellville, VA. ISBN 1-887215-07-7.

Fruit is edible by birds

7.07

no evidence of any attaching structure

7.08

bird-dispersed

8.01

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.52

Seed drupe-like, ovoid to 0.5 inch long, on a fleshy purple, edible receptacle [relatively large seed]

8.02

(1)Chao ChihChang; Lin TsanPiao (1996) Content of adenylate nucleotides and energy charge in the early stage of germination of orthodox and recalcitrant seeds. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica, 1996, Vol.37, No.4, pp.229-237, 26 ref. (2)http://www.streetside.com/plants/floridata/ref/p/podo_m.htm (3)http://ejournal.sinica.edu.tw/bbas/content/1996/4/bot374-01-info.html

recalcitrant seeds (2)Seeds take two years to germinate (3)P. macrophyllus seeds are viviparous

8.03

no evidence

8.04

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/PODMACA.pdf (2)http://plants.usda.gov/cgi_bin/plant_attribute.cgi?symbol=POMA32

This is one of a few trees which can be pruned into a nice hedge. The dark green foliage and dense growth creates a formal mass. It looks better when pruned with a hand pruner, not sheared with a hedge trimmer. (2)Resprout ability- yes

8.05

no evidence