Poa pratensis L. Family - Poaceae. Common Names(s) - Kentucky bluegrass, smooth meadow grass, pâturin des prés. Synonym(s) - Poa luzoniensis Merr.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

0

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

1

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2 or 3

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

14

Notes

Source

1.01

It is unclear from the literature whether the naturalized or invasive populations are cultivars or not. (1) There are numerous >150 cultivars of Poa pratensis.

(1) Shortell R.R., Meyer W.A., Bonos S.A. 2009. Classification and inheritance of morphological and agronomic characteristics in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). HortScience 44 (2):274-279.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) Native: Macaronesia; Northern Africa; Arabian Peninsula; Western Asia; Caucasus; Siberia: Middle Asia; Russian Far East; Mongolia; China; Indian Subcontinent; Europe; North America

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28996 [Cited 2009 June 18].

2.02

(1) Native: Macaronesia; Northern Africa; Arabian Peninsula; Western Asia; Caucasus; Siberia: Middle Asia; Russian Far East; Mongolia; China; Indian Subcontinent; Europe; North America

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28996 [Cited 2009 June 18].

2.03

(1) Poa pratensis is a perennial turfgrass that is widely adapted to many distinct environments. The extensive rhizome system gives it the ability to tolerate and recover from many environmental stresses more quickly than bunch-type species. (2) Climate zones for Cadet: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (may not be adaptable to all areas within each climatic zone)

(1) Tyser R.W., Worley C.A. 1992. Alien flora in grasslands adjacent to road and trail corridors in Glacier National Park, Montana. Conservation Biology 6 (2):253-262

2.04

(1) Naturalized in non-native areas of North America & in s. Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Azores, Mascarenes, & Hawaii.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28996 [Cited 2009 June 18].

2.05

(1) Naturalized in non-native areas of North America & in s. Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Azores, Mascarenes, & Hawaii. (2) Common lawn grass and pasture grass in the United States. (3) Cool season perennial that is a good lawn grass in cooler climates.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28996 [Cited 2009 June 18]. (2) http://www.missouriplants.com/Grasses/Poa_pratensis_page.html [Cited 2009 June 17]. (3) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Poaceae/Poa_pratensis.html [Cited 2009 June 17].

3.01

(1) Naturalized in non-native areas of North America & in s. Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Azores, Mascarenes, & Hawaii. (2) Poa pratensis is naturalized in all continental states (USA) and in Canada from Labrador to the west coast, except in arid regions.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28996 [Cited 2009 June 18]. (2) http://www.imapinvasives.org/GIST/ESA/esapages/documnts/poa_pra.pdf [Cited 2009 June 20].

3.02

(1) Poa pratensis was found in > 20% of the road and trailside transects in Glacier National Park Montana. Surveys indicated that the native grasslands were being invaded by the exotic grasses. Poa was used by the park for revegetation along roadways.

(1) Tyser R.W., Worley C.A. 1992. Alien flora in grasslands adjacent to road and trail corridors in Glacier National Park, Montana. Conservation Biology 6 (2):253-262

3.03

(1) Poa pratensis is a problem in the prairie region (USA) wherever there is a history of grazing, prolonged rest, and midsummer mowing.

(1) http://www.imapinvasives.org/GIST/ESA/esapages/documnts/poa_pra.pdf [Cited 2009 June 19].

3.04

(1) In perennial grasslands of eastern Washington, naturally occurring microsites are created by the northern pocket gopher (Thamomys talpoides) and the Columbian ground squirrel (Citelus columbianus). Bromus tectorum and Poa pratensis, two alien grasses, have invaded these bare areas effectively eliminating native colonizers and some dominant native species. (2) Poa pratensis is a cool season grass. In Wisconsin it has successfully invaded both remnant and restored prairies, savannas, and barrens. Establishment can be attributed to intentional introduction, past mowing, grazing, or cessation of fire. Kentucky bluegrass has the ability to replace prairie grasses that are shaded for half of the day. If left unattended, bluegrass can out-compete native prairie grasses and forbs, and will dominate shaded areas resulting from woody species invasions. (3) In natural areas Poa pratensis competes with native species, reducing species diversity and altering the natural floristic composition. Its rhizomatous habit permits it to penetrate between other plants. It increases with grazing. The most widely used management measure for controlling Poa in natural areas is fire.

(1) Bookman P.A. 1983. Microsite utilization by Bromus tectorum L. and Poa pratensis L. in a meadow steppe community. Oecologia. 56 (2/3):413-418. (2) http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/fact/bluegrass_kent.htm [Cited 2009 June 17].

3.05

(1) Poa compressa is a weed in Alaska and Conneticut. In Alaska it is restricited to disturbed habitats and does not appear to be changing species composition and structure in native communities. (2) Poa annua is the most common and widely distributed grassy weed in the world. It is mentioned as a weed in nearly every plant commodity. It is also one of the most difficult to control.

(1) http://akweeds.uaa.alaska.edu/pdfs/species_bios_pdfs/Species_bios_POCO.pdf [Cited 2009 June 17]. (2) http://www.msuturfweeds.net/details/_/annual_bluegrass_47/ [Cited 2009 June 17].

4.01

(1) Kentucky bluegrass is a long lived sod-forming perennial grass. Stems grow 1 to 2 feet in height when allowed to grow uncut.  Leaves are narrow and dark-green 2 to 7 inches in length.  The inflorescence is a pyramid-shaped panicle about 2 to 8 inches long.  Kentucky bluegrass reproduces by rhizomes as well as by seed.  New tillers with their roots, grow from the nodes along the rhizomes, continually filling the spaces left by the death of the older tiller tufts. Each tiller tuft may only survive for two years.

(1) http://www.umass.edu/cdl/publications/kentblue.htm [Cited 2009 June 17].

4.02

(1) Possible suppression of seed germination.

(1) Sanchez-Moreiras A.Ml, Weiss O.A., Reigosa-Foger M.J. 2004. Allelopathic evidence in the Poaceae. The Botanical Review 69 (3):300-319.

4.03

(1) Not parasitic.

(1) http://www.parasiticplants.siu.edu/ListParasites.html

4.04

(1) Palatable pasture plant. (2) A seed dispersal and plant establishment study in Scotland found that numerous seedlings of Poa pratensis germinated in the dung of grouse, hares, cattle, deer, sheep and rabbits.

(1) http://www.umass.edu/cdl/publications/kentblue.htm [Cited 2009 June 17]. (2) Welch D. 1985. Studies in the grazing of heather moorland in North-east Scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology. 22:461-472.

4.05

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 June 17]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/d?./temp/~IxrhC4:20:@sa [Cited 2009 June 17].

4.06

No evidence of being a alternate host for pests or pathogens. (1) Host for Ustilago striiformis.

(1) http://www.cababstractsplus.org/abstracts/Abstract.aspx?AcNo=20056400717 [Cited 2009 June 20].

4.07

(1) No evidence of toxicity in PubMed. (2) No evidence of toxicity in ToxNet

(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez [Cited 2009 June 17]. (2) http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/d?./temp/~IxrhC4:20:@sa [Cited 2009 June 17].

4.08

(1) In natural areas Poa pratensis competes with native species, reducing species diversity and altering the natural floristic composition. Its rhizomatous habit permits it to penetrate between other plants. It increases with grazing. The most widely used management measure for controlling Poa in natural areas is fire.

(1) http://www.imapinvasives.org/GIST/ESA/esapages/documnts/poa_pra.pdf [Cited 2009 June 20].

4.09

(1) Poa pratensis requires full sun. (2) Moderate shade tolerance.

(1) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Poaceae/Poa_pratensis.html [Cited 2009 June 17]. (2) http://www.penningtonseed.com/UploadedDocs/OtherUploads/Cadet.pdf [Cited 2009 June 17]

4.10

(1) Poa pratensis thrives in a variety of habitats, it does especially well on calcareous soils and avoids acid soils. (2) Cadet grows in most soils and does not require high level of maintenance and fertility to attain its performance. (3) Cadet does well in sand or heavy clay soils, and like all bluegrasses, performs best in soils with a pH of 5.5 to 8.

(1) http://www.imapinvasives.org/GIST/ESA/esapages/documnts/poa_pra.pdf [Cited 2009 June 20]. (2) http://www.mtviewseeds.com/DATASHEETS/CadetBulletin.pdf [Cited 2009 June 17]. (3) http://www.penningtonseed.com/UploadedDocs/OtherUploads/Cadet.pdf [Cited 2009 June 17].

4.11

(1) Kentucky bluegrass is a long lived sod-forming perennial grass. Stems grow 1 to 2 feet in height when allowed to grow uncut.  Leaves are narrow and dark-green 2 to 7 inches in length.  The inflorescence is a pyramid-shaped panicle about 2 to 8 inches long.  Kentucky bluegrass reproduces by rhizomes as well as by seed.  New tillers with their roots, grow from the nodes along the rhizomes, continually filling the spaces left by the death of the older tiller tufts. Each tiller tuft may only survive for two years.

(1) http://www.umass.edu/cdl/publications/kentblue.htm [Cited 2009 June 17].

4.12

(1) Kentucky bluegrass is a long lived sod-forming perennial grass. Stems grow 1 to 2 feet in height when allowed to grow uncut.  Leaves are narrow and dark-green 2 to 7 inches in length.  The inflorescence is a pyramid-shaped panicle about 2 to 8 inches long.  Kentucky bluegrass reproduces by rhizomes as well as by seed.  New tillers with their roots, grow from the nodes along the rhizomes, continually filling the spaces left by the death of the older tiller tufts. Each tiller tuft may only survive for two years.

(1) http://www.umass.edu/cdl/publications/kentblue.htm [Cited 2009 June 17].

5.01

(1) Kentucky bluegrass is a long lived sod-forming perennial grass. Stems grow 1 to 2 feet in height when allowed to grow uncut.  Leaves are narrow and dark-green 2 to 7 inches in length.  The inflorescence is a pyramid-shaped panicle about 2 to 8 inches long.  Kentucky bluegrass reproduces by rhizomes as well as by seed.  New tillers with their roots, grow from the nodes along the rhizomes, continually filling the spaces left by the death of the older tiller tufts. Each tiller tuft may only survive for two years.

(1) http://www.umass.edu/cdl/publications/kentblue.htm [Cited 2009 June 17].

5.02

(1) Poaceae

(1) Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [Cited 2009 June 17]

5.03

(1) Kentucky bluegrass is a long lived sod-forming perennial grass. Stems grow 1 to 2 feet in height when allowed to grow uncut.  Leaves are narrow and dark-green 2 to 7 inches in length.  The inflorescence is a pyramid-shaped panicle about 2 to 8 inches long.  Kentucky bluegrass reproduces by rhizomes as well as by seed.  New tillers with their roots, grow from the nodes along the rhizomes, continually filling the spaces left by the death of the older tiller tufts. Each tiller tuft may only survive for two years.

5.04

(1) Kentucky bluegrass is a long lived sod-forming perennial grass. Stems grow 1 to 2 feet in height when allowed to grow uncut.  Leaves are narrow and dark-green 2 to 7 inches in length.  The inflorescence is a pyramid-shaped panicle about 2 to 8 inches long.  Kentucky bluegrass reproduces by rhizomes as well as by seed.  New tillers with their roots, grow from the nodes along the rhizomes, continually filling the spaces left by the death of the older tiller tufts. Each tiller tuft may only survive for two years.

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1) Poa pratensis seeds germinated after December in this experiment on the use of microsites for establishment.

(1) Bookman P.A. 1983. Microsite utilization by Bromus tectorum L. and Poa pratensis L. in a meadow steppe community. Oecologia. 56 (2/3):413-418.

6.03

(1) The Poas have not yet reached their limits of their potential to exchange heredities between species that belong to taxonomically distinct sections, between species of separate continents, and between species of the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres which have remained apart since early geologic periods. (2) Poa pratensis has a marked versatility of the mode of reproduction in which it ranges from nearly obligate apomixis to complete sexuality, pemitting the formation and perpetuation of highly polyploid or even aneuploid genotypes. The combination of a pollen recognition system and the apomeiotic nature of apomixis confers a strong ability to hybridize and retain alien genomes, so determining high ploidy levels. (3) Cadet is a natural aberrant plant in a F2 cycle of Wildwood (compact type) kentucky bluegrass.

(1) Clausen J. 1961. Introgression facilitated by apomixis in polyploid Poas. Euphytica 10:87-94.(2) Porceddu A., Albertini E., Barcaccia G. Falistocco E. Falcinelli M. 2002. Linkage mapping in apomictic and sexual Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) genotypes using a two way pseudo-testcross strategy based on AFLP and SAMPL markers. Theor Appl. Genet. 104:273-280 (3) http://www.mtviewseeds.com/DATASHEETS/CadetBulletin.pdf [Cited 2009 June 17].

6.04

(1) "Kentucky bluegrass is often regarded as the premier turfgrass species. Its breeding is complicated by the apomictic nature of its breeding system. The type of apomixis in Kentucky bluegrass is pseudogamous apospory, in which pollination is generally required to initiate seed development, but the ovule is replaced by an unreduced embryo sac cell, so sexual fertilization does not occur. The seed develops with the embryo being genetically identical to its mother. Current commercial cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass are expected to maintain a level of apomixis of 95% or higher. (2) Faculative apomictic.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=YXixSoW6y7kC&oi=fnd&pg=PA203&dq=
festuca+arundinacea+%2B++%22rebel+iv%22&ots=OycO4Vjb_n&sig=CuZRLlEMOwddR-R9fzvAiiH8jeY#PPA204,M1 [Cited 2009 June 16]. (2) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=FWEsVXdGS8cC&oi=fnd&pg=PA100&dq=
poa+pratensis+%2B+%22reproduction%22&ots=151ObSHCX2&sig=h5iSW3qosYlDmdaZpYLNKrxiZq8 [Cited 2009 June 17].

6.05

(1) Poaceae, wind-pollinated.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28996 [Cited 2009 June 18].

6.06

(1) Poa pratensis forms tillers. A tiller is an aerial shoot that develops in the axillary bud of live leaf tissue. The new shoots develop root systems of their own and are a method of vegetative reproduction. Tillers develop true root systems, but these systems are not extensive. Tillering is favored by cool temperatures. (2) Cadet is aggressive.

(1) http://www.imapinvasives.org/GIST/ESA/esapages/documnts/poa_pra.pdf [Cited 2009 June 20]. (2) http://www.mtviewseeds.com/DATASHEETS/CadetBulletin.pdf [Cited 2009 June 17].

6.07

(1) Rhizomatous perennial grass. Rhizomes account for Poa pratensis' sod-forming capability and can extend the horizontal growth of the plant as much as 2 square meters in 2 years.

(1) http://www.imapinvasives.org/GIST/ESA/esapages/documnts/poa_pra.pdf [Cited 2009 June 20].

7.01

(1) Poa pratensis was found in > 20% of the road and trailside transects in Glacier National Park Montana. Surveys indicated that the native grasslands were being invaded by the exotic grasses. Poa was used by the park for revegetation along roadways.

(1) Tyser R.W., Worley C.A. 1992. Alien flora in grasslands adjacent to road and trail corridors in Glacier National Park, Montana. Conservation Biology 6 (2):253-262

7.02

(1) Common lawn grass and pasture grass in the United States. (2) Cool season perennial that is a good lawn grass in cooler climates.

(1) http://www.missouriplants.com/Grasses/Poa_pratensis_page.html [Cited 2009 June 17]. (2) http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Poaceae/Poa_pratensis.html [Cited 2009 June 17].

7.03

(1) Possible seed contaminant (2) Poa pratensis is a seed contaminant of perennial ryegrass in the forage and turfgrass seed growing industry in Oregon. Nearly one-third of all perennial ryegrass arriving at Oregon State University seed lab from Linn County, Oregon in 1995 was contaminated with Poa pratensis seed.

(1) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28996 [Cited 2009 June17]. (2) Young W.C. 1998. Marketing quality seed: what's involved. Golf Course Management. November 49 - 53.

7.04

No adaptation for wind dispersal. (1) FRUIT Caryopsis with adherent pericarp. Hilum punctiform.

(1) Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [Cited 2009 June 17]

7.05

No adaptation for water dispersal (1) FRUIT Caryopsis with adherent pericarp. Hilum punctiform.

(1) Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [Cited 2009 June 17]

7.06

Not a fleshy berry (1)FRUIT Caryopsis with adherent pericarp. Hilum punctiform.

(1) Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [Cited 2009 June 17]

7.07

No external attachment (1)FRUIT Caryopsis with adherent pericarp. Hilum punctiform.

(1) Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [Cited 2009 June 17]

7.08

(1) A seed dispersal and plant establishment study in Scotland found that numerous seedlings of Poa pratensis germinated in the dung of grouse, hares, cattle, deer, sheep and rabbits.

(1) Welch D. 1985. Studies in the grazing of heather moorland in North-east Scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology. 22:461-472.

8.01

(1) Poa pratensis is generally considered to be an apomictic species, with reports of "aberrants" (sexually reproducing individuals) in given populations varying from 0 to 100%, but usually less than 20%. In 4-year studies of the Newport cultivar of Kentucky bluegrass, Evans and Canode (1971) report in excess of 200 seeds per panicle in the first year. Maximum seed production of around 900 kg/ha was attained in the second year because of a great increase in the number of panicles per m2. By the fourth year seed production leveled off around 4000 panicles/m2 and around 100 seeds per panicle. Despite the high seed production, production of new plants from seeds in an established prairie is thought to be virtually nonexistent (Steuter pers. comm.).

1) http://www.imapinvasives.org/GIST/ESA/esapages/documnts/poa_pra.pdf [Cited 2009 June 20].

8.02

(1) Poa pratensis is generally considered to be an apomictic species, with reports of "aberrants" (sexually reproducing individuals) in given populations varying from 0 to 100%, but usually less than 20%. (2) In a buried seed experiment started in 1902, viable Poa pratensis seed was still present at the end of the experiment in 1941. A more recent experiment reported the presence of dormant Kentucky bluegrass seed at the conclusion of a 6-yr buried seed test.

1) http://www.imapinvasives.org/GIST/ESA/esapages/documnts/poa_pra.pdf [Cited 2009 June 20]. (2) Lee W.O. 1978. Volunteer Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis) control in Kentucky bluegrass seed fields. Weed Science. 26 (6):675-678.

8.03

(1) The herbicide glyphosate has proven effective when used according to label applications. (2) Excellent control of Poas pratensis has been reported from applications of 2 lb/a glyphosate in spring while warm season grasses were dominant.

(1) http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/fact/bluegrass_kent.htm [Cited 2009 June 17]. (2) http://www.imapinvasives.org/GIST/ESA/esapages/documnts/poa_pra.pdf [Cited 2009 June 20].

8.04

(1) A controlled fire can dramatically reduce Poa pratensis in a native or planted prairie, savanna, or barrens. (2) Poa pratensis is well-known for its ability to withstand and apparently thrive on successive defoliations. This ability contributes to its usefulness as a forage plant and lawn grass.

(1) http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/fact/bluegrass_kent.htm [Cited 2009 June 17]. (2) http://www.imapinvasives.org/GIST/ESA/esapages/documnts/poa_pra.pdf [Cited 2009 June 20].

8.05

Unknown (1) Cadet has very good disease resistance.

(1) http://www.mtviewseeds.com/DATASHEETS/CadetBulletin.pdf [Cited 2009 June 17].