Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Plumeria rubra; Frangipani

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

y

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-5

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28884 (13 June 2002)

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: Mexico - Aguascalientes, Jalisco, Puebla
Southern America: Bolivia; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; El Salvador; Guatemala; Mexico - Chiapas, Yucatan; Nicaragua; Panama; Peru
Other: also cult.

2.02

2.03

(1) USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28884 (13 June 2002)
(2) Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.231 (3)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast (3)http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/OF-24.pdf

(1) Native range:
Northern America: Mexico - Aguascalientes, Jalisco, Puebla
Southern America: Bolivia; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; El Salvador; Guatemala; Mexico - Chiapas, Yucatan; Nicaragua; Panama; Peru
(2) Hardiness Zone 10-11 (3)natural specimens in native range <1000 m elevation (3) Elevation up to 600 m

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/var/apache/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?28884 (13 June 2002)

Distributional range:
Native:
Northern America: Mexico - Aguascalientes, Jalisco, Puebla
Southern America: Bolivia; Colombia; Costa Rica; Ecuador; El Salvador; Guatemala; Mexico - Chiapas, Yucatan; Nicaragua; Panama; Peru
Other: also cult.

2.05

(1) Kennedy, R. R.; Thangaraj, T. Exploitation of perfume potentials of certain non-conventional flower species of South India. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 2000, Vol.22, No.1B, pp.525-527, 6 ref.
(2) Jasril; Mohamed, S. M.; Mackeen, M. M.; Lajis, N. H.; Rahman, A. A.; Ali, A. M. (1999) Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of some Malaysian flowering plants. Natural Product Sciences, 1999, Vol.5, No.4, pp.172-176, 21 ref.
(3) Kobayashi, T.; Nishijima, T.; Nakashima, C. (1998) Addition and reexamination of Japanese species belonging to the genus Cercospora and allied genera I. Collections from Nansei-Islands (1). Mycoscience, 1998, Vol.39, No.2, pp.185-194, 3 pp. of ref.
(4) Omino, E. A. (1994) The plant family Apocynaceae in East Africa. The biodiversity of African plants. Proceedings of the 14th AETFAT Congress 22-27 August 1994, Wageningen, Netherlands., 1996, pp.504-506, 14 ref.
(5) Diniz, M. A. (1995) Cape Verde flora. Vascular plants. 69. Apocynaceae. [FT: Flora de Cabo Verd

(1) India, (2) Malaysia, (3) Japan, (4) East Africa, (5) Portugal, (6) Papua New Guinea, (7) Thailand, (8) Indonesia, (9) Taiwan, (10) China

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

(1)http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/PLURUBA.pdf (2)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/impact.htm

(1)Invasive potential: little, if any, potential at this time (2) it is highly unlikely that such horticultural favorites as plumeria will ever pose a threat to native ecosystems

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.231

no description of these traits

4.02

http://www.mssrf.org.sg/webfris/agrobiodiversity-1a.html

common green leaf manure species [leaves]

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

no record of natural consumption/poisoning in animals

4.06

no evidence

4.07

(1)http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/db2www/plantfaq_display.d2w/report1 (2)http://www.hawaii.edu/News/kulama/990219/harmful.html

(1)The sap from Plumeria rubra is known to cause dermatitis (skin irritation) (2)avoid skin and eye contact with the sap and reminded to avoid looking up while picking flowers to protect the eyes from dripping milky latex

4.08

no evidence

4.09

(1)Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida (2)http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/OF-24.pdf (3)Huante, P.; Rincón, E.1998. Responses to light changes in tropical deciduous woody seedlings with contrasting growth rates. Oecologia, 113:53-66

(1)"Light requirement: full sun, partial sun or partial shade." (2)requires full sun (3)seedlings had a 6-fold reduction in growth under 20% sun compared to 70% sun, growing just 0.6 grams over 52 days.

4.1

(1)Gilman EF, HW Beck, DG Watson, P. Fowler, DL Weigle & NR Morgan 1996. Southern Trees 2nd edition. University of Florida (2)

(1)"Soil texture tolerance: clay, loam, sand." (2)clay; loam; sand; acidic; alkaline;

4.11

Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.231

deciduous tree

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

tree; Apocynaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Ratnasabapathy, M.; Mossel, J. (1980) Some observations on seeds and seedlings of frangipani (Plumeria L., Apocynaceae). Planter, Malaysia, 1980, Vol.56, No.650, pp.183-188, 6 ref.

AB: Recent research on the seed germination of P. rubra and P. obtusa is briefly summarized. Up to 92% germination of P. rubra seeds, cv. Celadine, has been obtained. Morphological differences were found between seedlings of P. rubra from South Africa and Peninsular Malaysia.

6.03

http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/facts/2000/hawaii_36.html

From the yellow and a red form of Plumeria rubra, and the white Plumeria obtusa - hundreds of hybrids were developed. [don't know if occurs naturally]

6.04

Eggenberger, R., and M.H. Eggenberger (1994) The Handbook on Plumeria Culture. 3rd edition. Tropical Plant specialists.

p.74 " Even if we transfer pollen fron a pollen parent of your choice, we cannot be certain that this will be the only pollen recieved by the female parent unless we hae first emasculated the anther to avoid th possibility of self-pollination."

6.05

Haber, W. A. (1984) Pollination by deceit in a mass-flowering tropical tree Plumeria rubra L. (Apocynaceae). Biotropica, 1984, Vol.16, No.4, pp.269-275, 39 ref.

AB: Flowers of P. rubra share many traits with hawkmoth-pollinated flowers, though nectaries are lacking. The pollen was recovered from the tongues of 17 of 50 hawkmoths collected during the main flowering period (April-June) in Costa Rica. Rates of visitation and fruit set were very low compared with other hawkmoth flowers of the deciduous forest. Hawkmoths in a flight cage avoided nectarless P. rubra flowers, but fed readily from these flowers when artificial nectar was added. Although no specific model for P. rubra was found in Costa Rica, the presentation of generilized scent and visual cues that mimic typical hawkmoth flowers may facilitate deceitful pollination of this species. [hawkmoth is quite specialized]

6.06

no evidence

6.07

Eggenberger, R., and M.H. Eggenberger (1994) The Handbook on Plumeria Culture. 3rd edition. Tropical Plant specialists.

p.55 " From seed to flower: The timtable given by most of the expert plumeria growers we have met is usually 3 to 4 years. Given the long gowing season we were fortunate to have in India, we had phenomenal results with our seedings. Most flowered in less than 2 years and we had one seedling fro Hawaii flower in just 10 months." [requires several months for seed maturation]

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.370

"one of the most common and best known oramental trees throught the tropics"

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Eggenberger, R., and M.H. Eggenberger (1994) The Handbook on Plumeria Culture. 3rd edition. Tropical Plant specialists.

p.52 "Each seed is covered with a tough, membranous brown sheathwith a papery wing of the same size or larger."

7.05

no evidence

7.06

no evidence

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence

8.01

(1) Dehgan, B. (1998) Landscape Plants for Subtropical Climates. University Press of Florida., Gainesville, FL. 638pp. p.231
(2) Eggenberger, R., and M.H. Eggenberger (1994) The Handbook on Plumeria Culture. 3rd edition. Tropical Plant specialists.

(1) "Fruit: Paired follicles; leathery, brown, 10 inches long; rarely seen in cultivation." (2) p.52 "half a pod may contain more than 50 seeds. [need 10 follicles per square meter, which is not likely with large fruit]

8.02

(1)Eggenberger, R., and M.H. Eggenberger (1994) The Handbook on Plumeria Culture. 3rd edition. Tropical Plant specialists. (2)http://www2.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/OF-24.pdf

p.52 "plumeria seeds can remain viable for more than a year under good storage conditions and sometimes for 2-3 years."; p.54" Plumeria seeds germinate quite rapidly, pushing vigrously through the soil, often within three days and usually not more than ten days."; "The percentage of germination should be very high, usually not less than 70% and upto 100% for selected seeds." (2)dry seeds will keep three months in a plastic bag before beginning to lose viability.

8.03

no evidence

8.04

http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/PLURUBA.pdf

bark is thin and easily damaged

8.05

Ogata, D. Y.; Gardner, D. E. (1992) First report of Plumeria rust, caused by Coleosporium plumeriae, in Hawaii. Plant Disease, 1992, Vol.76, No.6, p.642, 1 ref.

AB: In Jan. 1991, C. plumeriae [C. domingense ] was identified on P. obtusa and several forms of P. rubra on the island of Oahu in Hawaii, USA, and has since been identified on the island of Kauai. P. obtusa shows tolerance to C. domingense in Hawaii, with only isolated pustules on leaves, whereas cultivars of P. rubra are severely attacked.