Pleiostachya pruinosa. Common names - platanillo, prayer plant. Family- Marantaceae. Synonym -Ischnosiphon pruinosus, Maranta pruinosa W. Bull ex Regel

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

n

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

0

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

4.05

Toxic to animals

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y

1

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

n

0

5.02

Grass

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

1

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y

1

0

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

Total score:

2

Second screening

Accept

Notes

References

1.01

No evidence

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native to tropical America. (2)Native to Honduras - Panama.

(1)Daehler, C. Curtis and Baker, Ray. 2006. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 86: 3- 18. (2)http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=14129

2.02

2.03

(1)0-1000 m in the native range of Ecuador. (2)In lowland thickets

(1)http://mobot.mobot.org/cgi-bin/search_vast (2)Flora of Panama. Part III. Fascicle I Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 32, No. 1. (Feb., 1945), pp. 1-105.

2.04

(1)Native to tropical America. (2)Native to Honduras - Panama.

(1)Daehler, C. Curtis and Baker, Ray. 2006. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 86: 3- 18. (2)http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=14129

2.05

(1)Cook Islands - recently introduced and not naturalized. (2)Naturalized in the Haukulu area of Lyon Arboretum, Hawaii.[No further evidence of introductions].

(1)http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=14129 (2)Daehler, C. Curtis and Baker, Ray. 2006. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 86: 3- 18.

3.01

Naturalized in the Haukulu area of the Lyon Arboretum and is on the increase. [The spread seems to be localized in the Arboretum].

Daehler, C. Curtis and Baker, Ray. 2006. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 86: 3- 18.

3.02

No evidence

3.03

No evidence

3.04

No evidence

3.05

No evidence

4.01

No evidence of such structures.

(1)http://striweb.si.edu/esp/tesp/details.php?id=866 (2)http://pick4.pick.uga.edu/mp/20p?see=I_SP4079

4.02

No evidence

4.03

No evidence

4.04

Don’t know

4.05

No evidence

4.06

Cercospora pruinosivora was listed to be associated with P. pruinosa. [No evidence that this fungi has economic importance].

https://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/new_allView.cfm?whichone=FungusHost&thisName=Pleiostachya%20pruinosa&organismtype=Host&fromallCount=yes

4.07

No evidence

4.08

Probably not - grows primarily in wet habitats.

4.09

(1)10 to 25% shade tolerance. (2) ' … Pleiostachya pruinosa grow and reproduce in gaps, persist in shade, and have equivalent rates of leaf production…. '

4.1

No evidence regarding soil requirements.

4.11

An erect herb upto 2 m tall.

http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=14129

4.12

No evidence [individual plants are dense but they cover limited ground]

5.01

An erect herb upto 2 m tall.

http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=14129

5.02

5.03

Probably not - an herb from the Marantaceae family.

5.04

No evidence

6.01

(1)Reproduces successfully. (2) 'Data on the dispersal and recruitment of seven plant species (six bird-dispersed species (Calathea lutea, C. lasiostachya, C. inocephala, C. gymnocarpa, C. marantifolia and Pleiostachya pruinosa) and one ant-dispersed species (C. cleistantha)) at two sites in lowland tropical rain forests in Costa Rica were collected to used to test the hypotheses on the association of dispersal syndromes with the gap dependency of recruitment. Four kinds of data were compared across plant species and sites: (1) the attractiveness of seeds to ants and birds; (2) the average distance of seed dispersal; (3) differences in disperser assemblages; and (4) the effects of gaps on seedling emergence and survival. Results showed that both plant species and site significantly affected the probability of seed removal by birds. C. lutea was the most attractive to birds as well as to ants in both study sites. Site significantly affected the probability that removed seeds were taken by birds, which in turn

(1)Bruce K. Kirchoff. 1983. Floral Organogenesis in Five Genera of the Marantaceae and in Canna (Cannaceae). Botanical Gazette 144 (1) : 110-118. (2)BA-abstract - By: Horvitz, C. C.; Seed dispersal and frugivory: ecology, evolution and conservation. Third International Symposium-Workshop on Frugivores and Seed Dispersal, Sao Pedro, Brazil, 6-11 August 2000 Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2002, p.145-159 (Book chapter) (Conference paper).

6.02

(1)Reproduces successfully. (2) 'Data on the dispersal and recruitment of seven plant species (six bird-dispersed species (Calathea lutea, C. lasiostachya, C. inocephala, C. gymnocarpa, C. marantifolia and Pleiostachya pruinosa) and one ant-dispersed species (C. cleistantha)) at two sites in lowland tropical rain forests in Costa Rica were collected to used to test the hypotheses on the association of dispersal syndromes with the gap dependency of recruitment. Four kinds of data were compared across plant species and sites: (1) the attractiveness of seeds to ants and birds; (2) the average distance of seed dispersal; (3) differences in disperser assemblages; and (4) the effects of gaps on seedling emergence and survival. Results showed that both plant species and site significantly affected the probability of seed removal by birds. C. lutea was the most attractive to birds as well as to ants in both study sites. Site significantly affected the probability that removed seeds were taken by birds, which in turn

(1)Bruce K. Kirchoff. 1983. Floral Organogenesis in Five Genera of the Marantaceae and in Canna (Cannaceae). Botanical Gazette 144 (1) : 110-118. (2)BA-abstract - By: Horvitz, C. C.; Seed dispersal and frugivory: ecology, evolution and conservation. Third International Symposium-Workshop on Frugivores and Seed Dispersal, Sao Pedro, Brazil, 6-11 August 2000 Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2002, p.145-159 (Book chapter) (Conference paper).

6.03

Don’t know

6.04

6.05

Photos of flower. [Could be bird or insect pollinated].

Botanical Gazette 144 (1) : 110-118 1983

6.06

No evidence of spread by vegetative means. [rhizomes in dense clusters]

6.07

10 months.

http://www.agrotropical.andes.com/heliconia_maranta_espiga.htm

7.01

No evidence of the species being planted in heavily trafficked areas.

7.02

Probably yes - (1)ornamental leaves and flowers -(2) rhizomes of the plant can be purchased via the internet.

(1)http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/species.asp?id=14129 (2)http://www.agrotropical.andes.com/heliconia_maranta_espiga.htm

0

Probably not - no evidence that the plant is grown with or occurs near produce plants.

7.04

Bird dispersed

7.05

Bird dispersed

7.06

'Data on the dispersal and recruitment of seven plant species (six bird-dispersed species (Calathea lutea, C. lasiostachya, C. inocephala, C. gymnocarpa, C. marantifolia and Pleiostachya pruinosa) and one ant-dispersed species (C. cleistantha)) at two sites in lowland tropical rain forests in Costa Rica were collected to used to test the hypotheses on the association of dispersal syndromes with the gap dependency of recruitment. ...'

7.07

Probably not - no evidence that the propagules have any means of attachment.

7.08

Probably yes - Bird dispersed

8.01

70 inflorescences/ plant/ year. [No evidence regarding seed size and number].

http://www.agrotropical.andes.com/heliconia_maranta_espiga.htm

8.02

No evidence regarding seed bank.

8.03

No evidence that the species is being controlled for.

8.04

regrowth from rhizomes

http://www.agrotropical.andes.com/heliconia_maranta_espiga.htm

8.05

Dont know. [But there is a beetle herbivore in the native range that is specific to this species - 'The Neotropical beetle Cephaloleia fenestrata is a specialist herbivore on Pleiostachya pruinosa (Marantaceae) in upland and flood zone habitat of lowland tropical wet forest in Costa Rica. Cephaloleia fenestrata spends its entire life cycle on P. pruinosa, feeding primarily in rolled young leaves as adults, feeding in the concavity of leaf petioles as larvae, and laying eggs and pupating on the leaf petioles. ...']