Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm. f.) Pic. Serm. Family - Polypodiaceae. Common Names(s) - Laua`e. Synonym(s) - Microsorum scolopendria (Burm. f.) Copel.; Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm. f.) Ching; Polypodium scolopendria Burm. f. (basionym); Phymatosorus grossus (Langsd. & Fisch.) Brownlie

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y= 1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

6

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Pamer, D.D. 2003. Hawaii's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)native to New Guinea, Australia, throughout the South Pacific, and probably through southern Asia to tropical Africa.

(1)Pamer, D.D. 2003. Hawaii's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

2.02

(1)native to New Guinea, Australia, throughout the South Pacific, and probably through southern Asia to tropical Africa.

(1)Pamer, D.D. 2003. Hawaii's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

2.03

(1)USDA zones 10-11; wart fern will tolerate some cold, but may be damaged by a heavy frost.

(1)Bailey , C.C. 2009. Plant Profile: Old plant becomes a new favorite. TCPalm. http://www.tcpalm.com/news/2009/mar/22/plant-02/?print=1

2.04

(1)native to New Guinea, Australia, throughout the South Pacific, and probably through southern Asia to tropical Africa...Naturalized…very common fern forming a ground cover in large areas in lower-elevation forests, especially in disturbed areas, sea level to 600 m, all major islands.

(1)Pamer, D.D. 2003. Hawaii's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

2.05

(1)widely planted

(1)Jones, D.L. 1987. Enclopaedia of Ferns. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

3.01

(1)Naturalized…very common fern forming a ground cover in large areas in lower-elevation forests, especially in disturbed areas, sea level to 600 m, all major islands. (2)Recently, specimens from wild plants were collected, growing epiphytically on common guava in a gulch in disturbed Lowland Wet Forest. There was no terrestrial P. grossus anywhere nearby. Another population was later found growing in identical conditions.

(1)Pamer, D.D. 2003. Hawaii's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI. (2)Oppenheimer, H.L. 2006. New Hawai‘i Plant Records for 2004. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 88: 10-15.

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds - Phymatosorus scolopendria. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/phymatosorus_scolopendria/

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds - Phymatosorus scolopendria. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/phymatosorus_scolopendria/

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds - Phymatosorus scolopendria. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/phymatosorus_scolopendria/

3.05

(1)Phymatosorus diversifolius (Polypodiaceae) Phymatosorus grossus both listed as weeds, but with no evidence of serious impacts or control efforts.

(1)Randall, R. 2007. Global Compendium of Weeds - Phymatosorus scolopendria. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ [Accessed 16 Jul 2010]

4.01

(1)No spines, thorns or burrs

(1)Pamer, D.D. 2003. Hawaii's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

4.02

(1)Beachfront Argusia scrub. This was dominated by low Argusia argentea bushes, with Lepturus repens, Boerhavia tetrandra and Phymatosorus scolopendria. It may have developed from the more species-rich forms of A2, but Suriana maritima was notably absent. [plant grows with other species, with no evidence of allelopathy]

(1)Waldren, S./Florence, J./Chepstow-Lusty, A.J. 1995. A comparison of the vegetation communities from the islands of the Pitcairn Group. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 56: 121–144.

4.03

(1)Not parasitic

(1)Pamer, D.D. 2003. Hawaii's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

4.04

(1)Unknown [probably not a preferred browse species]

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

4.05

(1)No evidence of toxicity to animals or humans

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

4.06

(1)No pests are known to infest wart fern.

(1)Bailey , C.C. 2009. Plant Profile: Old plant becomes a new favorite. TCPalm. http://www.tcpalm.com/news/2009/mar/22/plant-02/?print=1

4.07

(1)popular in lei making [with no evidence of toxicity reported] (2)The young fronds of Phymatosorus scolopendria (N.L. Burm.) are spread on the bed to keep off bed bugs.

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Plants. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. (2)Mannan, M.M./Maridass, M./Victor, B. 2008. A Review on the Potential Uses of Ferns. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 281-285.

4.08

(1)No evidence of increased fire hazards

(1)Pamer, D.D. 2003. Hawaii's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

4.09

(1)Easily grown in full sun or partial shade (2)Light: Part sun to full shade in warm, moist locations...This fern prefers shade under living plant material as nourishment comes from decayed fallen leaves and other organic material.

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Plants. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. (2)Bailey , C.C. 2009. Plant Profile: Old plant becomes a new favorite. TCPalm. http://www.tcpalm.com/news/2009/mar/22/plant-02/?print=1

4.10

(1)not fussy about soil and thrives even when planted in the typical clayey soil found in much of Hawaii.

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Plants. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI.

4.11

(1)Two forms - one primarily terrestrial, the other mostly epiphytic - have been noted and recognized as different species…More recently though, they have been treated as a member of a signel variable species.

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Plants. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI.

4.12

(1)No evidence that plant forms dense thickets which entirely exclude other species

(1)Pamer, D.D. 2003. Hawaii's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

5.01

(1)Plants medium-sized, terrestrial, epipetric

(1)Pamer, D.D. 2003. Hawaii's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

5.02

(1)Polypodiaceae

(1)Pamer, D.D. 2003. Hawaii's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

5.03

(1)Polypodiaceae [not a nitrogen fixing woody plant]

(1)Pamer, D.D. 2003. Hawaii's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

5.04

(1)with rhizomes, but not a true geophyte

(1)Pamer, D.D. 2003. Hawaii's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

6.01

(1)No evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

(1)Jones, D.L. 1987. Enclopaedia of Ferns. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

6.02

(1)Sori rounded, in 1 or 2 rows on either side of midvein in each lobe, deeply sunken on underside, causing raised bumps on upper side…Spores are easily germinated and provide an alternate means of propagation for those inclined to try them

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Plants. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI.

6.03

(1)No documented hybridization in this species

(1)Jones, D.L. 1987. Enclopaedia of Ferns. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

6.04

(1)isolated gametopytes of the tetraploid species (C. phyllitidis, Phlebodium aureum, Phymatosorus scolopendria and the A source of C. angustifolium) produced abundant sporophytes through intragametophytic selfing.

(1)Chiou, W.L./Farrar, D.R./Ranker, T.A. 2002. The Mating Systems of Some Epiphytic Polypodiaceae. American Fern Journal 92(2):65–79.

6.05

(1)A fern, no pollinators required

(1)Pamer, D.D. 2003. Hawaii's Ferns and Fern Allies. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, HI.

6.06

(1)It is easily (and most often) propagated by rhizome division (2)It can be propagated by division and it is a good practice to thin and divide it regularly. [probably can spread by vegetative fragmentation, but no direct evidence]

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Plants. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. (2)Bailey , C.C. 2009. Plant Profile: Old plant becomes a new favorite. TCPalm. http://www.tcpalm.com/news/2009/mar/22/plant-02/?print=1

6.07

(1)Minimum generative time unknown

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Plants. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI.

7.01

(1)No evidence of unintentional dispersal along heavily trafficked areas

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

7.02

(1)probably the most frequently cultivated fern in the islands and is used extensively as a ground cover and bedding plant as well as in containers and hanging baskets.

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Plants. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI.

7.03

(1)Despite widespread cultivation, and popularity, no documented cases of produce contamination reported

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

7.04

(1)Sori rounded, in 1 or 2 rows on either side of midvein in each lobe, deeply sunken on underside, causing raised bumps on upper side.

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Plants. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI.

7.05

(1)Unknown [spores probably able to float, but no evidence found]

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

7.06

(1)Sori rounded, in 1 or 2 rows on either side of midvein in each lobe, deeply sunken on underside, causing raised bumps on upper side. [not specifically adapted for bird dispersal]

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Plants. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI.

7.07

(1)No evidence [although small spores could potentially be carried by animals]

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

7.08

Unknown [but unlikely that spores would be intentionally ingested]

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

8.01

(1)Sori rounded, in 1 or 2 rows on either side of midvein in each lobe, deeply sunken on underside, causing raised bumps on upper side…Spores are easily germinated and provide an alternate means of propagation for those inclined to try them [assumed that spores are produced in high numbers]

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Plants. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI.

8.02

Unknown [but unlikely that spores would be intentionally ingested]

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

8.03

Unknown [no information found on control of this plant]

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.

8.04

(1)It is easily (and most often) propagated by rhizome division

(1)Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora. Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other Tropical Plants. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI.

8.05

(1)Unknown

(1)WRA Specialist. 2010. Personal communication.