Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Phyla nodiflora; matchweed, common frogfruit

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

5

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.359

"Widely cultivated as ground cover, it sometimes becomes naturalized in open disturbed places, particularly along roadside or in lawns where its growth form allows it to survive frequent mowing."

1.03

no evidence

2.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.359

"It is native to temperate America and was originally described from the state of Virginia."

2.02

2.03

(1)http://www.allspc.com/broadleaf_matlippia.htm (2)http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/10339

(1)Occurring in low moist areas in open woods and turf, common along the coastal beaches and marshes, preferring open sandy areas often with limestone outcrops. (2)restricted to higher rainfall and more humid coastal areas

2.04

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.359

areas in open woods and turf, common

2.05

(1) Criley, R. A. (1976) Growth retardants for control of ground covers. Departmental Paper, Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, 1976, No.46, 8 pp., 2 ref.
(2) Trounce, R. (1995) Biennial noxious plants conference 1995 weed alert. eds. Tanner, L.; Nolan, P. Better planning for better weed management. Proceedings of the 8th biennial noxious weeds conference, Goulburn, NSW, Australia, 19-21 September 1995: volume 1., 1995, pp.148-154
(3) Mans, C. C.; Hattingh, D. A. (1992) Evaluation of permanent groundcovers at Everdon Estate, Natal. [FT: Evaluering van permanente grondbedekkers te Everdon-Landgoed, Natal. ] Yearbook - South African Avocado Growers' Association, 1992, Vol.15, pp.94-96

along the coastal beaches and marshes,

3.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.359

preferring open sandy areas often with

3.02

(1)Trounce, R. (1995) Biennial noxious plants conference 1995 weed alert. eds. Tanner, L.; Nolan, P. Better planning for better weed management. Proceedings of the 8th biennial noxious weeds conference, Goulburn, NSW, Australia, 19-21 September 1995: volume 1., 1995, pp.148-154

limestone outcrops.

3.03

Bacon, P., P.J. Terry, N. Waltham, & P.Castro S. (1997) An Electronic Atlas of World Weed and Invasive Plants. Version 1.0, 1997. A database based on the original work "A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds" by Holm et al 1979.

P. nodiflora is the only one reported as a weed. (Principal weed in India, common weed in Egypt, and Argentina)

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.359

n description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

Pacheco R., D. L.; Zambrano C., J. O.; Sthormes M., G. A. (1993) Study of the forage potential of two naturally-occurring species of the Venezuelan Goajira region: Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene and Stemodia durantifolia (L.) Swartz. [FT: Estudio del potencial forrajero de dos especies naturales de la Goajira Venezolana: Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene y Stemodia durantifolia (L.) Swartz.] Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia, 1993, Vol.10, No.3, pp.265-285, 26 ref.

AB: The taxonomy, morphology and ecology of P. nodiflora and S. durantifolia are described and illustrated, together with details of their distribution in Venezuela and the Goajira region. In the dry and rainy seasons, respectively, CP contents of P. nodiflora were 6.77% and 9.54% with digestibility of 52.3% and 78.9%; corresponding values for S. durantifolia were 3.78% and 9.56% and 52.4% and 64.3%. On the basis of detailed forage analyses it was concluded that these two species represent a valuable source of forage for grazing goats and sheep in the region.

4.05

Pacheco R., D. L.; Zambrano C., J. O.; Sthormes M., G. A. (1993) Study of the forage potential of two naturally-occurring species of the Venezuelan Goajira region: Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene and Stemodia durantifolia (L.) Swartz. [FT: Estudio del potencial forrajero de dos especies naturales de la Goajira Venezolana: Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene y Stemodia durantifolia (L.) Swartz.] Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia, 1993, Vol.10, No.3, pp.265-285, 26 ref.

AB: The taxonomy, morphology and ecology of P. nodiflora and S. durantifolia are described and illustrated, together with details of their distribution in Venezuela and the Goajira region. In the dry and rainy seasons, respectively, CP contents of P. nodiflora were 6.77% and 9.54% with digestibility of 52.3% and 78.9%; corresponding values for S. durantifolia were 3.78% and 9.56% and 52.4% and 64.3%. On the basis of detailed forage analyses it was concluded that these two species represent a valuable source of forage for grazing goats and sheep in the region.

4.06

no evidence

4.07

no evidence

4.08

http://www.ucfpl.ucop.edu/I-Zone/XIV/vegetati.htm

fire resistant

4.09

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.359 (2)http://sydney.foe.org.au/SustainableConsumption/garden/lawntable.html (3)http://www.albuquerquemastergardeners.com/NMSU%20manual/groundcovers.pdf

(1)"sunny places are prefered" (2)Full sun or partial shade (3)shade

4.1

(1) Zambrano C., J. O. (1994) Xerophytic savanna: a new denomination of vegetation type in the Venezuelan Goajira. [FT: La sabana xerofítica: nueva denominación como tipo de vegetación en la Goajira venezolana. Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia, 1994, Vol.11, No.4, pp.337-346, 7 ref.
(2) Berghen, C. vanden (1990) The vegetation of the maritime sands of the Casamance (southern Senegal). [FT: La végétation des sables maritimes de la Casamance (Sénégal méridional).] Lejeunia, 1990, No.133, 84pp., 27 ref.
(3)http://www.gardenbed.com/p/5026.cfm

(1) AB: Vegetation in the Venezuelan Goajira was sampled over a 2-year period with complementary studies of soils, of previous vegetation maps and an attempt to relate vegetation to soil and ecological factors. A new classification is thus proposed: xerophytic savanna covering 17000 ha of deeply cracked clay soils. Dominant species are Phyla nodiflora associated with Paspalum vaginatum with scattered shrubs of Opuntia, Cereus and Prosopis spp.
(2) AB: Phytosociological studies were made of dune vegetation in S. Senegal. An Alternanthera maritima community colonized N-enriched sand at high tide mark and a Sporobolus spicatus community the low dunes. Sand binding of higher dunes was achieved by a Scaevola plumieri community, while sands not susceptible to wind blow were invaded by a Schizachyrium pulchellum association. Relict forest with Detarium senegalense and Lepisanthes senegalensis was bounded on the seaward side by Chrysobalanus icaco thicket. Man-induced forest destruction resulted in its replacemen

4.11

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.359

"Herb, prostrate, creeping, rooting at nodes."

4.12

groundcover herb

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

Verbenaceae; herb

5.03

herb

5.04

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.359

n description of these traits

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.359

"propagate: seeds"

6.03

no evidence

6.04

no evidence

6.05

(1)Jhansi, P.; Kalpana, T. P.; Ramanujam, C. G. K. (1994) Pollen analysis of some Apis cerana Fabr. honeys from Andhra Pradesh, India. Apidologie, 1994, Vol.25, No.3, pp.289-296 (2)http://www.mindspring.com/~roadrunner1/garden/TexasRing.html

(1) Results of pollen analyses of 6 honey samples from 3 districts are reported. In 2 districts, where the honey sources were in deciduous forest, the main pollen types identified were from Lagerstroemia parvifolia , Crotalaria juncea and Schleichera oleosa . One of the honeys was unifloral (main pollen from Anogeissus latifolia ). In honeys from the other district, where agricultural crops are important, the main pollens were from Borassus flabellifer , Hygrophila sp., Crotalaria juncea , Cucumis sp., Phyla nodiflora and Momordica charantia . (2)Butterflies

6.06

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.359

"Herb, prostrate, creeping, rooting at nodes."

6.07

7.01

lawn clippings

7.02

Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.359

"Widely cultivated as ground cover, it sometimes becomes naturalized in open disturbed places, particularly along roadside or in lawns where its growth form allows it to survive frequent mowing."

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/10339

Plants break up during flooding and can quickly re-establish as the water subsides.

7.06

no evidence

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence

8.01

(1)Whistler, A.W. (2000) Tropical Oramentals: a Guide. Timber Press, Inc., Portland, Oregon. 542pp. p.359 (2)http://nativeplantproject.tripod.com/grndcvr.htm

(1)"Flowers anytime during the year; flowers, mny, borne in long-stalked, axillary, subglobose to ovoid heads 5-25mm long. Fruit a capsule 1.5-2 mm long, breaking into two segments." (2)The dry fruit separate into 2 nutlets

8.02

no evidence

8.03

2,4-D Amine

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WG205

8.04

(1)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/EH138 (2)http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/10339

(1)takes some foot traffic (2)Plants break up during flooding and can quickly re-establish

8.05

no evidence