Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Photinia davidiana; Chinese photinia (Stranvaesia davidiana)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

n

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

1

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

y

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

n

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-2

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

no evidence

1.03

no evidence

2.01

1)CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. 2)Mabberley. The plant Book. Cambridge University press 3)http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Photinia+davidiana&CAN=LATIND 4)http://www.herbaria.harvard.edu/china/Harvard_Papers/hu-shiu-ying1980.htm

1)China, [Indonesia] /Sumatra, [Malaysia] /Sabah, Vietnam 2) Himalayas to Japan 3) E. Asia - W. China. 4) region is similar with respect to temperature and total precipitation to the Coastal Plain of Georgia in the southeastern UnitedStates. However, in contrast to those of the latter area, the winters in the metasequoia area are relatively dry, while the summers are wet since most of the precipitation falls during the months of June, July, and August.[the native region of Photina in China] Also, indicates that Photina davidiana is endemic to China (not native to other regions listed in CAB Forestry compendium)

2.02

2.03

1) Landscape Plants Volume 3: Images, Identification, and Information
Copyright, Oregon State University, 1999-2001
http://www.orst.edu/dept/ldplants/3plants.htm#phda 2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/1729.html

1)Hardy to USDA Zone (5)6 Native to western China. 2)Hardy from USDA Zone 7 to USDA Zone 9

2.04

CAB International, 2000. Forestry Compendium Global Module. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

China, [Indonesia] /Sumatra, [Malaysia] /Sabah, Vietnam

2.05

(1)Zeller, W. (1978) Epidemiology of fireblight on ornamentals. Proceedings of the IVth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Vol. II., 1978, pp.513-518, 7 ref.
(2)Joseph, E. (1977) Host plants of pear fireblight.
[FT: Les plantes hotes du feu bacterien du poirier. ]Revue Horticole Suisse, 1977, Vol.50, No.7, pp.207-219
(3)Kokubun, T.; Harborne, J. B.; Eagles, J.; Waterman, P. G. (1995) Dibenzofuran phytoalexins from the sapwood tissue of Photinia , Pyracantha and Crataegus species. Phytochemistry, 1995, Vol.39, No.5, pp.1033-1037, 13 ref.

(1)Germany; (2)Switzerland; (3)UK

3.01

no evidence

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Plant for a future (Contact Details Email: webmaster@pfaf.org Tel: 01208 872 963) <http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/pfaf/index.html>

"A vigorous fast-growing plant with vicious spines" (this description appears to be inaccurate, based on descriptions elsewhere such as Neal, Gardens of Hawai‘I and others, which make no mention of spines)

4.02

no eidence

4.03

free-living tree

4.04

http://gardencenter.southernstates.com/backyardinterests/deer.shtml

Deer resistant plant (presumably refering to Photinia x fraseri)

4.05

no evidence

4.06

(Fireblight is caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora. It is a serious disease of apples, pears and related trees and shrubs in the family Rosaceae, sub-family Maloideae (Pome fruits). ) -- Although pome-fruits are not generally important produce in the Pacific

4.07

no evidence

4.08

no evidence

4.09

Plant for a future (Contact Details Email: webmaster@pfaf.org Tel: 01208 872 963) <http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/pfaf/index.html> 2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/1729.html

1)"It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade." 2)Light requirements: Sun to Partial Shade

4.1

1) Plant Master 5.5. California Edition.1999. Acacia Software, Westlake Village, California. 2)http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Photinia+davidiana&CAN=LATIND

1)Chinese Photinia (P. serrulata) loam, clay, unparticular 2)plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils, requires well-drained soil and can grow in heavy claysoil

4.11

shrub/tree

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial tree

5.02

shrub/tree

5.03

no evidence

5.04

shrub/tree

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Plant for a future (Contact Details Email: webmaster@pfaf.org Tel: 01208 872 963) <http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/pfaf/index.html>

"Seed - best sown in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe in the autumn. Stored seed will probably require stratification and should be sown as early in the year as possible. Germination is usually good."

6.03

no evidence

6.04

Plant for a future (Contact Details Email: webmaster@pfaf.org Tel: 01208 872 963) <http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/pfaf/index.html>

"The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. "

6.05

Plant for a future (Contact Details Email: webmaster@pfaf.org Tel: 01208 872 963) <http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/pfaf/index.html>

"The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. "

6.06

no evidence propagate by seeds

6.07

7.01

no evidence

7.02

Zeller, W. (1978) Epidemiology of fireblight on ornamentals. Proceedings of the IVth International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Vol. II., 1978, pp.513-518, 7 ref.

an oramental

7.03

no evidence

7.04

no evidence

7.05

no evidence

7.06

Plant for a future (Contact Details Email: webmaster@pfaf.org Tel: 01208 872 963) <http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/pfaf/index.html>

[But observation was not made in the native range of the species]

7.07

no evidence

7.08

bird dispersal

8.01

very unlikely -- fruit is a pome (few seeds per fruit)

8.02

Plant for a future (Contact Details Email: webmaster@pfaf.org Tel: 01208 872 963) <http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/pfaf/index.html>

"Seed - best sown in a cold frame as soon as it is ripe in the autumn. Stored seed will probably require stratification and should be sown as early in the year as possible. Germination is usually good."

8.03

Weatherspoon, D. M.; Currey, W. L.1978. Herbicide phytotoxicity evaluations for woody ornamentals. HortScience, , Vol.13, No.3, Section 2, p.357

Excessive phytotoxicity resulted from alachlor on azalea (Rhododendron sp.) and photinia (Photinia)

8.04

no evidence

8.05