Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A. W. Hill. Family - Apiaceae. Common Names(s) - Parsley. Synonym(s) - Apium crispum Mill.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

y

-3

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

y

1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=1, n=-1

y

1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

1

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)Parsley is probably native to countries bordering the eastern Mediterranean, but has been cultivated for thousands of years…The seeds of flat leaved varieties germinate quickly, but the curly leaved variety may be more erratic.

(1)Garland, S. 2004. The Complete Book of Herbs and Spices. Frances Lincoln Ltd. London.

1.02

(1)in Hawaii cultivated and naturalized on Kauai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

1.03

(1)Habitat. Amongst tall (sclerophyll) shrubland; in sand; occupying roadsides and old garden sites on limestone; growing on wasteland, in disturbed natural vegetation. (2)Petroselinum crispum (P. Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill – 1897; W, garden weed. [Massachusetts] (3)listed as primarily an ruderal weed but with following disclaimer & rating "Present in a State or Territory but not given a rating as an agricultural weed, either because it was not considered a problem or because it was not known to occur in agricultural areas at present." (4)The forms cultivated as a herb are selections of the same sp., usually with crispate lvs. Cultivation escapes quickly revert to the wild form.

(1)http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/18355 [Accessed 12 Mar 2009] (2)Sorrie, B. A. 2005. Alien vascular plants in Massachusetts. Rhodora Vol. 107, No. 931: 284–329. (3)Groves, R.H. (Convenor), Hosking, J.R., Batianoff, G.N., Cooke, D.A., Cowie, I.D., Johnson, R.W., Keighery, G.J., Lepschi, B.J., Mitchell, A.A., Moerkerk, M., Randall, R.P., Rozefelds, A.C., Walsh N.G., and Waterhouse, B.M. (2003) Weed categories for natural and agricultural ecosystem management. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra. (4)Webb, C.J.; Sykes, W.R.; Garnock-Jones, P.J. 1988. FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND: VOLUME IV: NATURALISED PTERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPERMS, DICOTYLEDONS. Botany Division, D.S.I.R. Christchurch, New Zealand

2.01

(1)Parsley was originally native to southern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean region. Today it is cultivated everywhere for its leaves, seeds and roots. [Mediterranean climate] (2)Parsley is native to southern Europe. It has naturalized in most temperate countries and is fairly successful in the tropics, although it dies out near the equator.

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/P/petr_cri.cfm [Accessed 12 Mar 2009] (2)Roecklein, J. C. and PingSun Leung. 1987. A Profile of economic plants. Transaction Publishers. New Brunswick, New Jersey.

2.02

(1)Parsley is native to southern Europe. It has naturalized in most temperate countries and is fairly successful in the tropics, although it dies out near the equator. [can tolerate most subtropical climates]

(1)Roecklein, J. C. and PingSun Leung. 1987. A Profile of economic plants. Transaction Publishers. New Brunswick, New Jersey.

2.03

(1)Hardiness:
USDA Zone 5a: to -28.8 °C (-20 °F)
USDA Zone 5b: to -26.1 °C (-15 °F)
USDA Zone 6a: to -23.3 °C (-10 °F)
USDA Zone 6b: to -20.5 °C (-5 °F)
USDA Zone 7a: to -17.7 °C (0 °F)
USDA Zone 7b: to -14.9 °C (5 °F)
USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F)
USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F)
USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F)
USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F)

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54368/ [Accessed 12 Mar 2009]

2.04

(1)in Hawaii cultivated and naturalized on Kauai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

2.05

(1)Parsley was originally native to southern Europe and the eastern Mediterranean region. Today it is cultivated everywhere for its leaves, seeds and roots.

(1)Roecklein, J. C. and PingSun Leung. 1987. A Profile of economic plants. Transaction Publishers. New Brunswick, New Jersey.

3.01

(1)in Hawaii cultivated and naturalized on Kauai, Oahu, Maui and Hawaii. (2)Parsley is native to southern Europe. It has naturalized in most temperate countries and is fairly successful in the tropics, although it dies out near the equator. (3)Distribution. Australian: Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania. Alien to Australia, alien to Western Australia, naturalised or cultivated. Native distribution: Europe.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. (2)Roecklein, J. C. and PingSun Leung. 1987. A Profile of economic plants. Transaction Publishers. New Brunswick, New Jersey. (3)http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/18355 [Accessed 12 Mar 2009]

3.02

(1)Habitat. Amongst tall (sclerophyll) shrubland; in sand; occupying roadsides and old garden sites on limestone; growing on wasteland, in disturbed natural vegetation. (2)Petroselinum crispum (P. Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill – 1897; W, garden weed. [Massachusetts] (3)listed as primarily an ruderal weed but with following disclaimer & rating "Present in a State or Territory but not given a rating as an agricultural weed, either because it was not considered a problem or because it was not known to occur in agricultural areas at present."

(1)http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/18355 [Accessed 12 Mar 2009] (2)Sorrie, B. A. 2005. Alien vascular plants in Massachusetts. Rhodora Vol. 107, No. 931: 284–329. (3)Groves, R.H. (Convenor), Hosking, J.R., Batianoff, G.N., Cooke, D.A., Cowie, I.D., Johnson, R.W., Keighery, G.J., Lepschi, B.J., Mitchell, A.A., Moerkerk, M., Randall, R.P., Rozefelds, A.C., Walsh N.G., and Waterhouse, B.M. (2003) Weed categories for natural and agricultural ecosystem management. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra.

3.03

(1)listed as an agricultural weed [impacts unclear]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/petroselinum_crispum/ [Accessed 12 Mar 2009]

3.04

(1)listed as an environmental weed [impacts unclear]

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/petroselinum_crispum/ [Accessed 12 Mar 2009]

3.05

(1)Petroselinum segetum listed as an agricultural weed

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/petroselinum_segetum/ [Accessed 12 Mar 2009]

4.01

(1)No spines, thorns or burrs

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.02

(1)No evidence of allelopathic effects despite widespread use

(1)nderjit, K. M., M. Dakshini and C. L. Foy. 1999. Principles and practices in plant ecology: allelochemical interactions. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida.

4.03

(1)Slender, erect, caulescent, biennial herbs…plants 3-13 dm tall.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.04

(1)Vegetable, Fruits, and Some Herbs Deer Dislike. What follows is a list of vegetable, fruits, and herbs that deer won't eat either because of the smell or the texture [includes P. crispum] (2)Sheep parsley varieties mixed feed mix or fodder...Ancient Greek warriors fed chariot horses it. (3)One specific strategy is to graze livestock on plants with purported anthelmintic properties. For example, a survey of Danish organic dairy farmers with 255 respondents, revealed the use of herbs in the leys on 26% of the farms. Of these, caraway (Carum carvi) [56%], parsley (Petroselinum crispum) [20%], chicory (Cichorium intybis) [10%], chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium) and dill (Anethum graveolens) [14%], used singly or in combination, were the most commonly used plants. [apparently palatable to some animals and unpalatable to others]

(1)Adler, B. 1999. Outwitting deer. Globe Pequot Press. Guilford, Connecticut. (2)http://www.spookspring.com/Umbels/Gard_Pars.html [Accessed 12 Mar 2009] (3)Waller, P.J., G. Bernes, S.M. Thamsborg, A. Sukura, S.H. Richter, K. Ingebrigtsen and J. Höglund. 2001. Plants as De-Worming Agents of Livestock in the Nordic Countries: Historical Perspective, Popular Beliefs and Prospects for the Future. Acta vet. scand. 42: 31-44.

4.05

(1)Vegetable, Fruits, and Some Herbs Deer Dislike. What follows is a list of vegetable, fruits, and herbs that deer won't eat either because of the smell or the texture [includes P. crispum] (2)Sheep parsley varieties mixed feed mix or fodder...Ancient Greek warriors fed chariot horses it. (3)One specific strategy is to graze livestock on plants with purported anthelmintic properties. For example, a survey of Danish organic dairy farmers with 255 respondents, revealed the use of herbs in the leys on 26% of the farms. Of these, caraway (Carum carvi) [56%], parsley (Petroselinum crispum) [20%], chicory (Cichorium intybis) [10%], chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium) and dill (Anethum graveolens) [14%], used singly or in combination, were the most commonly used plants. [apparently palatable to some animals and unpalatable to others]

(1)Adler, B. 1999. Outwitting deer. Globe Pequot Press. Guilford, Connecticut. (2)http://www.spookspring.com/Umbels/Gard_Pars.html [Accessed 12 Mar 2009] (3)Waller, P.J., G. Bernes, S.M. Thamsborg, A. Sukura, S.H. Richter, K. Ingebrigtsen and J. Höglund. 2001. Plants as De-Worming Agents of Livestock in the Nordic Countries: Historical Perspective, Popular Beliefs and Prospects for the Future. Acta vet. scand. 42: 31-44.

4.06

(1)Black rot of carrot and powdery mildew affect P. crispum [but no indication that it is an important alternate host]

(1)Holliday, P. 1980. Fungus Diseases of Tropical Crops. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.

4.07

(1)Parsley is a universal herb, enhancing most flavours, an indispensable part of bouquet gami and used in soups and stews, with meat and fish, vegetables, marinades, sauces and stuffings [used widely for human consumption with no evidence of adverse effects] (2)Parsley is said to contain the alleged 'psychotroph' myristicine. Although perfectly safe to eat and nutritious in amounts that are given in recipes, parsley is toxic in excess, especially when used as an essential oil. [apparently toxic only in excessive amounts]

(1)Garland, S. 2004. The Complete Book of Herbs and Spices. Frances Lincoln Ltd. London. (2)http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Petroselinum+crispum [Accessed 12 mar 2009]

4.08

(1)Habitat. Amongst tall (sclerophyll) shrubland; in sand; occupying roadsides and old garden sites on limestone; growing on wasteland, in disturbed natural vegetation. [no indication that P. crispum increases fire risks]

(1)http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/18355 [Accessed 12 Mar 2009]

4.09

(1)Sun Exposure: Sun to Partial Shade (2)Light: Prefers full or part sun. (3)If you don’t have much sun, you can still grow some shade-tolerant herbs such as parsley (Petroselinum crispum) (4)Herb choices for a shady spot may include angelica (Angelica archangelica), sweet violet (Viola odorata), lovage (Levisticum officinale), saffron crocus (Crocus sativa), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), and most mints. [references suggest it can be shade tolerant but prefers full sun]

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54368/ [Accessed 12 Mar 2009] (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/P/petr_cri.cfm [Accessed 12 Mar 2009] (3)http://www.consciouschoice.com/1999/cc1204/herbs1204.html [Accessed 12 Mar 2009] (4)http://www.tucsonorganicgardeners.org/Assets/SunShade.pdf [Accessed 12 Mar 2009]

4.10

(1)Soil pH requirements: 5.6 to 6.0 (acidic) (2)Likes a slightly acidic pH, around 6.0.

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/54368/ [Accessed 12 Mar 2009] (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/P/petr_cri.cfm [Accessed 12 Mar 2009]

4.11

(1)Slender, erect, caulescent, biennial herbs…plants 3-13 dm tall.

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

4.12

(1)Habitat. Amongst tall (sclerophyll) shrubland; in sand; occupying roadsides and old garden sites on limestone; growing on wasteland, in disturbed natural vegetation. (2)Locally abundant, waste places, gardens, forest margins, coastal areas. [no evidence that plant forms dense thickets that exclude other plants]

(1)http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/18355 [Accessed 12 Mar 2009] (2)Webb, C.J.; Sykes, W.R.; Garnock-Jones, P.J. 1988. FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND: VOLUME IV: NATURALISED PTERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPERMS, DICOTYLEDONS. Botany Division, D.S.I.R. Christchurch, New Zealand

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.02

(1)Apiaceae

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.03

(1)Apiaceae

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

5.04

(1)All species are biennial, developing a thick clump of leaves during the first year and a tall flowering stem about 1 m/3 ft high during the second. [Answer ‘yes’ only for perennial taxa with tubers, corms, or bulbs]

(1)Garland, S. 2004. The Complete Book of Herbs and Spices. Frances Lincoln Ltd. London.

6.01

(1)No evidence of reproductive failure

(1)Roecklein, J. C. and PingSun Leung. 1987. A Profile of economic plants. Transaction Publishers. New Brunswick, New Jersey.

6.02

(1)if allowed to set seed, parsley will readily self-sow.

(1)Garland, S. 2004. The Complete Book of Herbs and Spices. Frances Lincoln Ltd. London.

6.03

(1)Artificial hybrids of Petroselinum species recorded [unknown if P. crispum forms natural hybrids]

(1)Madzharova, D., Bubarova, M. and Genchev, S. 1978. Some morphological and biochemical aspects of the hybrid forms between the Apium and Petroselinum genera [celery, umbelliferous herbs]. Gradinarska i Lozarska Nauka v. 15(1): 59-65.

6.04

(1)The inflorescence is characteristic of the umbelliferous type, and as for carrot, it is compound. The flowers are small, greenish yellow, and potentially self-fertile.

(1)Desai, B. B. 2004. Seeds Handbook: Biology, Production, Processing, and Storage. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York.

6.05

(1)Significant cross-pollination occurs through insects.

(1)Desai, B. B. 2004. Seeds Handbook: Biology, Production, Processing, and Storage. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York.

6.06

(1)Propagation: Seeds in early spring, notoriously slow to germinate (2)Propagation: By seeds. Germination takes 10-25 days but you can speed it up by soaking the seeds in warm water for a day before planting. When you plant, cover the seeds with no more than 0.25 in (0.6 cm) of potting medium or soil, and be patient.

(1)http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Apiaceae/Petroselinum_crispum.html [Accessed 12 Mar 2009] (2)http://www.floridata.com/ref/P/petr_cri.cfm [Accessed 12 Mar 2009]

6.07

(1)All species are biennial, developing a thick clump of leaves during the first year and a tall flowering stem about 1 m/3 ft high during the second.

(1)Garland, S. 2004. The Complete Book of Herbs and Spices. Frances Lincoln Ltd. London.

7.01

(1)Fruit ovoid-oblong, 2-4 mm long, 1-3 mm wide, mericarps readily separating. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.02

(1)Parsley is probably native to countries bordering the eastern Mediterranean, but has been cultivated for thousands of years.

(1)Garland, S. 2004. The Complete Book of Herbs and Spices. Frances Lincoln Ltd. London.

7.03

(1)Other taxa listed as seed contaminants, but no evidence for P. crispum

(1)Wiersema, J. H. and Blanca León. 1999. World economic plants: a standard reference. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida.

7.04

(1)Fruit ovoid-oblong, 2-4 mm long, 1-3 mm wide, mericarps readily separating. [no adaptations for wind dispersal, most likely short distance gravity-dispersed]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.05

(1)Fruit ovoid-oblong, 2-4 mm long, 1-3 mm wide, mericarps readily separating. [no adaptations or indications that seeds are primarily water dispersed]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.06

(1)Fruit ovoid-oblong, 2-4 mm long, 1-3 mm wide, mericarps readily separating. [not fleshy fruited and no evidence]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.07

(1)Fruit ovoid-oblong, 2-4 mm long, 1-3 mm wide, mericarps readily separating. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. University of Hawaii and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu.

7.08

not consumed

8.01

(1)Average seed yields per parsley vary from 800 to 950 kg/ha. [high yields in cultivation, but no evidence from natural settings]

(1)Desai, B. B. 2004. Seeds Handbook: Biology, Production, Processing, and Storage. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York.

8.02

(1)Storage Behaviour: Orthodox Storage Conditions: Seeds not damaged from exposure to liquid nitrogen (Stanwood & Bass, 1981); p50= 3.4 years for seeds stored under open storage in a temperate climate (Priestley, 1986); long-term storage under IPGRI preferred conditions at VGB Wellesbourne [evidence from field conditions unknown]

(1)Liu, K., Eastwood, R.J., Flynn, S., Turner, R.M., and Stuppy, W.H. 2008. Seed Information Database (release 7.1, May 2008) http://www.kew.org/data/sid

8.03

Unknown [but probably easily controlled by glyphosate]

8.04

(1)Harvest outer leaves as you need them, leaving the central rosette where new growth emerges. A potted parsley house plant will produce pretty garnish for 6-9 months.

(1)http://www.floridata.com/ref/P/petr_cri.cfm [Accessed 12 Mar 2009]

8.05

Unknown