Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Pelargonium peltatum; ivyleaf geranium

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

0

Source

Notes

1.01

no evidence

1.02

Webb et al. 1988. Flora of New Zealan Vol 4. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch

"Plants rarely or never seed but reproduce vegetatively so freely that small colonies become established"

1.03

no evidence

2.01

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?27135 (30 January 2003)

Distributional range:
Native:
Africa: South Africa - Cape Province [s.], Natal, Transvaal [e.]
Other: cult.

2.02

2.03

(1)Horticopia, Inc. (2002) Horticopia Plant Information. Available at<http://www.hortpix.com/index.html> (2)http://www.oldhouseweb.net/gardening/garden/01701005.shtml

(1)Hardiness Range: 9A - 10A (2)Cool temperatures are needed, ideally 60 to 65 degrees during the day and 50 to 55 degrees at night. Flower bud initiation depends on night temperatures between 50 and 55 degree.

2.04

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?27135 (30 January 2003)

Distributional range:
Native:
Africa: South Africa - Cape Province [s.], Natal, Transvaal [e.]
Other: cult.

2.05

(1) Opit, G. P.; Jonas, V. M.; Williams, K. A.; Margolies, D. C.; Nechols, J. R. (2001) Effects of cultivar and irrigation management on population growth of the twospotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae on greenhouse ivy geranium. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 2001, Vol.25, No.10/11, pp.849-857, 21 ref.
(2) Chambolle, C.; Graff, V. (2001) Growing mother plants of Pelargonium : control of thrips with the aid of Neoseiulus cucumeris . [FT: Culture de pieds-mères de Pelargonium : contrôle des thrips à l'aide de Neoseiulus cucumeris .] PHM Revue Horticole, 2001, No.429, pp.43-47
(3) Furukawa, T.; Kishi, K. (2001) Alternaria leaf spot on three species of Pelargonium caused by Alternaria alternata in Japan. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 2001, Vol.67, No.4, pp.268-272, 13 ref.

(1) Kansas, U.S. (2) France (3) Japan [a popular oramental being cultivated around the world]

3.01

Webb et al. 1988. Flora of New Zealan Vol 4. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchurch

"Plants rarely or never seed but reproduce vegetatively so freely that small colonies become established"

3.02

no evidence

3.03

no evidence

3.04

no evidence

3.05

no evidence

4.01

Schulz, P. (1965) All About Geraniums. Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York. 175pp. Chapter 11. Trailing and Climbing Ivy-leaved Geraniums. p.87-93

no description of these traits

4.02

no evidence

4.03

no evidence

4.04

no evidence

4.05

http://www.britvet.com/tortoises1.htm

edible by tortosise;[ no evidence of poisoning in other animals]

4.06

Lisa, V.; Vaira, A. M.; Dellavalle, G.; Masenga, V.; Milne, R. G. (1996) Viruses of pelargonium in Italy. Acta Horticulturae, 1996, No.432, pp.108-117, 24 ref.

AB: "The following viruses were identified and partially characterized: cherry leaf roll nepovirus (CLRV), serologically distinct from a typical European isolate from cherry; lilac chlorotic leafspot capillovirus (LCLV), serologically related to both the type and the iris strains; tobacco necrosis necrovirus (TNV), systemic in C. amaranticolor and C. quinoa , serologically differing from serotypes A and D, and 2 serologically closely related isolates, (coded Gr 25 and Gr 57), in dsRNA patterns resembling pelargonium ringspot (PeRSV), a supposed carmovirus, but differing from carnation mottle and pelargonium flower-break carmoviruses. Evidence for a distant serological relationship between Gr 57 and PeRSV was obtained in agar gel diffusion tests, but this was not confirmed by other tests. Healthy P. zonale seedlings sap inoculated with Gr 25 and Gr 57 developed ringspots and vein banding. The CLRV and TNV isolates gave latent infections and the LCLV isolate did not cause infection. [temperate plants not suitab

4.07

http://www.asthmansw.org.au/peopleinfo/lowallergengarden.htm

good for low allergen garden

4.08

http://www.fredbecker.org/News%20Letter/protecti.htm

fire resistant

4.09

(1)Schulz, P. (1965) All About Geraniums. Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York. 175pp. Chapter 11. Trailing and Climbing Ivy-leaved Geraniums. p.87-93 (2)http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/ho/ho65/ho65.htm (3)http://www.dulley.com/plant/a092.shtml (4)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/1418.html (5)http://www.whatsupstan.com/tips.html

(1)p.87 "The ivy-leaved geraniums are sun worshipers and grow best when the receive full sun." (2)sun, semi-shade (3)Full Sun, Part Shade (4)Sun to Partial Shade (5)Lowest Light: 2000 to 2500 F.C.

4.1

(1)Schulz, P. (1965) All About Geraniums. Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York. 175pp. (2)http://www.gardenbed.com/p/2578.cfm

(1)p.10 (for all geraniums) "Soil should be friable(easily crunbled), drain quickly and well, and have apH of about 6.5. (2)Requires a light well-drained neutral to alkaline soil

4.11

Schulz, P. (1965) All About Geraniums. Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York. 175pp. Chapter 11. Trailing and Climbing Ivy-leaved Geraniums. p.87-93

p.87 "In this group og geraniums are tailing, twining, and vining treasures that beautify indoor garden."

4.12

no evidence

5.01

terrestrial

5.02

trailing bush; Geraniaceae

5.03

no evidence

5.04

no evidence

6.01

no evidence

6.02

Schulz, P. (1965) All About Geraniums. Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York. 175pp.

p.34 "Starting plants fromseed is the easy, inexpensive way to increase your collection."

6.03

Bentvelsen, G. C. M.; Stemkens, H. G. W.; Tjeertes, P. (1990) ET: Interspecific crosses in Pelargonium and the application of embryo rescue methods. eds: Jong, J. de. Integration of in vitro techniques in ornamental plant breeding. Proceedings, symposium, 10-14 November 1990., 1990, pp.104-109, 14 ref.
[Some reports of artificial hybrids but no evidence of natural hybridization.]

AB: Crosses and backcrosses were made between P. peltatum and species of section Ciconium as well as some Ville de Paris P. peltatum cultivars. Ovaries showing signs of growth 10-14 days after pollination were excised and cultured in vitro. Survival rate was on average 32%. Plants were assayed for anthocyanidins in petals. Successful crosses were made with Ville de Paris types, P. hortorum, P. x kewense, P. scandens and P. inquinans, although only the first 2 cases showed breeding value. Petals of botanical P. peltatum are lilac in colour due to the presence of delfinidin, malvidin and a small amount of cyanidin. Introgression of pelargonidin and paeonidin from the other cultivars and species resulted in petals with red, scarlet, rose and salmon shades. Backcrossing was also used to introduce cytoplasmic male sterility into breeding lines, with a view to hybrid seed production.

6.04

no evidence

6.05

Clark, D. (1988) Pelargoniums. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 124pp.

p.31 " When birds and insects work among the flowers, they pollinate on large scale and the grower can harvest a fine crop of naturally pollinated seed. "

6.06

eproduce vegetatively so freely that small colonies become established

eproduce vegetatively so freely that small colonies become established

6.07

Schulz, P. (1965) All About Geraniums. Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York. 175pp.

p.36 (all geraniums) "Geraniums often bloom five months after seed sowing, but the average windowsill garden will find that it takessix to eight months from seed to flower."

7.01

no evidence [garden waste?]

7.02

an oramental

7.03

no evidence

7.04

Clark, D. (1988) Pelargoniums. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 124pp.

p.17 seeds with bristles breaking away fro central style.

7.05

no evidence

7.06

no evidence

7.07

no evidence

7.08

no evidence

8.01

Clark, D. (1988) Pelargoniums. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 124pp.

p.31 "Commercial growers who require large quantities of seed to sell often make large plantinfs of like type of geraniums in one general area. When birds and insects work among the flowers, they pollinate on large scale and the grower can harvest a fine crop of naturally pollinated seed." [5 seeds per flower]

8.02

http://www.gardenbed.com/p/2578.cfm

Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a greenhouse. Stored seed should be sown in early spring in a greenhouse. The seed germinates best with a minimum temperature of 13°c, germination usually taking place within 2 weeks though it sometimes takes some months

8.03

no evidence

8.04

http://www.gardenbed.com/p/2578.cfm

Very tolerant of pruning, they can be cut right down to the base in the autumn when bringing them back indoors, or in the spring to encourage lots of fresh growth

8.05

http://plantsdatabase.com/go/1418.html

pelargoniums are susceptible to many diseases