Paulownia elongata S. Y. Hu. Family - Scrophulariaceae. Common Names(s) - elongate paulownia. Synonym(s) - .

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

1

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

-2

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

n

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

3

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

-1

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)It is somewhat resistant to the common Paulownia disease, witches' broom, and some clones with strong disease resistance have been bred through hybridization. [no evidence of selection for non-invasive attributes]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)a fast-growing tree native to China. It occurs naturally in central China (Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu) being mainly found in central and eastern Henan, southwest Shandong and northwest Anhui. This Paulownia species has been widely introduced to south Liaojing and south China. [temperate species]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.02

(1)Native range well known.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.03

(1)P. elongata is adapted to a variety of climatic types. It tolerates atmospheric drought and still grows well in areas with precipitation of 400-500 mm... - Altitude range: 50 - 1300 m
- Mean annual rainfall: 600 - 1000 mm
- Rainfall regime: summer
- Dry season duration: 3 - 6 months
- Mean annual temperature: 10 - 15ºC
- Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 25 - 28ºC
- Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: -8 - -4ºC
- Absolute minimum temperature: -18 - -15ºC

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.04

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

2.05

(1)There are several species of Paulownia - Paulownia elongata, Paulownia kawakamii, and Paulownia tomentosa, all native to China, and have been planted in the US for many years. (2)Asia
[China]
Anhui natural
Guangdong planted
Guangxi planted Hebei natural and planted
Henan natural and planted
Jiangsu natural Liaoning planted
Shaanxi natural
Shandong natural and planted
Shanxi natural and planted
Yunnan planted
India planted
Pakistan planted
North America [USA] North Carolina planted

(1)http://www.cdr3.com/empress/ [Accessed 08 Dec 2008] (2)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

3.01

(1)No evidence (2)Is the Paulownia elongata tree an invasive species? Paulownia Elongata is not invasive, however Paulownia Tomentosa is well known as an invasive species worldwide. World Paulownia Institute does not promote the Tomentosa variety for this very reason. Tomentosa is also in the slow growing varieties, has a tendency to grow crooked, with cankers and is the only variety known to have disease.

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamep.htm [Accessed 08 Dec 2008] (2)http://www.worldpaulownia-eu.com/faqs.html [Accessed 08 Dec 2008]

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamep.htm [Accessed 08 Dec 2008]

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamep.htm [Accessed 08 Dec 2008]

3.04

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.hear.org/gcw/scientificnames/scinamep.htm [Accessed 08 Dec 2008]

3.05

(1)Princess tree outcompetes natives from Pennsylvania and Georgia west to Missouri. Seedlings colonize rocky cliffs and sandy stream banks, quickly invading after disturbances such as fire, construction, gypsy moth defoliation or floods. The trees also cause maintenance problems along roads and utility rights-of-way and in gardens. [P. tomentosa]

(1)Randall, J.M. and J. Marinelli. 1996. Invasive Plants: Weeds of the Global Garden. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Brooklyn, NY.

4.01

(1)Paulownia elongata, a large-sized deciduous tree growing up to 20 m tall and 1 m in diameter, with a cylindrical, straight bole, is a fast-growing tree native to China.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.02

(1) It is commonly cultivated as a roadside tree and is intercropped with agricultural crops [probably not if grown with agricultural crops] (2)The crowns of Paulownia, especially of Paulownia elongata, are sparse and much light can pass through. Light penetration through the crowns of 7- and 8-year-old trees in early summer (June) is 40-50%, and around 20-40% in middle and later growth periods. Since the branching angle of Paulownia is large, leaves spread systematically and seldom overlap, so food crops may obtain much light at any time. Light penetration through P. elongata crowns is 20% higher than that of poplars (Populus tomentosa) and 38% higher than black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). [used as cover for food crops, so unlikely that trees are allelopathic]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)Bhumibhamon, S. Multipurpose Trees for Small-Farm Use in The Central Plain of Thailand. Available from https://idl-bnc.idrc.ca/dspace/bitstream/123456789/1983/4/b-8102.pdf [Accessed 08 Dec 2008]

4.03

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.04

(1)The leaves and flowers are rich in nutrients and are widely used for fodder and green manure. [leaves are palatable]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.05

(1)The leaves and flowers are rich in nutrients and are widely used for fodder and green manure. [leaves are palatable] (2)Are Paulownia toxic to animals? Paulownia is very high in protein and safe for animals. However you will need to protect the trees with fencing from the horses or cattle until the tree reaches a good height so the animals do not destroy the growth of the tree by eating the terminal bud out.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. (2)http://www.worldpaulownia.com/html/paulownia_faq.html#Toxic [Accessed 08 Dec 2008]

4.06

{Species doesn't appear to be major alternate host for important diseases, as most of the following pests & pathogens are recorded at the generic level] (1)It is somewhat resistant to the common Paulownia disease, witches' broom, and some clones with strong disease resistance have been bred through hybridization... Pests recorded
Insects:
Anomala corpulenta (copper green chafer)
Gryllotalpa africana (african mole cricket)
Maladera orientalis (smaller velvet chafer)
Psilogramma menephron
Fungus diseases:
Fusarium oxysporum
Gloeosporium kawakamii
Meloidogyne (root knot nematodes)
Thanatephorus cucumeris (many names, depending on host)
Phytoplasmas:
paulownia witches' broom phytoplasma
Witches' broom disease
Pests recorded at the generic level (Paulownia):
Insects:
Diaspidiotus perniciosus (San José scale)
Eumeta variegata
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (mulberry scale)
Fungus diseases:
Botryosphaeria dothidea (canker: almond)
Pythium myriotylum (brown rot of groundnut)
Pythium splendens
Pests recorded at the family level (Scrophulariaceae):
Fungus diseases:
Cronartium coleosporioides (pine cow wheat rust)

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.07

(1)Danger: Parts of plant are poisonous if ingested [no other references to toxicity, and plant is apparently palatable to & used as a fodder for livestock]

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/164940/ [Accessed 08 Dec 2008]

4.08

(1) Its wood has recently been used as a material for vehicles, such as in aeromodelling, the inner boards on planes, boats and oil tankers, due to its low flammability...It is intolerant and usually cannot regenerate in a stand and occurs sporadically in the wild. [unlikely, wood with low flammability & does not grow in dense patches]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.09

(1)Paulownia elongata is shade-intolerant with a large crown, big leaves and few branches.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.10

(1) This species is very sensitive to soil fertility, soil depth and soil texture, and only grows fast in loose soil under an intensive cultivation system...It grows poorly in waterlogged and heavy clay soil. However, it performs well in soil with a pH of 5.0 to 8.9, very tolerant of saline-alkali compared with other Paulownia species. Soil descriptors
- Soil texture: light; medium
- Soil drainage: free
- Soil reaction: neutral; alkaline
- Special soil tolerances: sodic; saline

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.11

(1)Paulownia elongata, a large-sized deciduous tree growing up to 20 m tall and 1 m in diameter, with a cylindrical, straight bole, is a fast-growing tree native to China.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

4.12

(1)It is intolerant and usually cannot regenerate in a stand and occurs sporadically in the wild.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

(1)Paulownia elongata, a large-sized deciduous tree growing up to 20 m tall and 1 m in diameter, with a cylindrical, straight bole, is a fast-growing tree native to China.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

5.03

Scrophulariaceae

5.04

(1)Paulownia elongata, a large-sized deciduous tree growing up to 20 m tall and 1 m in diameter, with a cylindrical, straight bole, is a fast-growing tree native to China.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.02

(1)Capsule ovoid, rarely ovoidellipsoid, 3.5–5 cm, stellate tomentose; persistent calyx disc-shaped; beak 4–5 mm; pericarp 1–2.5 mm. Seeds 4–5 mm including wing. [winged seeds]

(1)Anonymous. 1998. Flora of China 18: 1–212. Available from http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume18/SCROPHULARIACEAE.published.pdf [Accessed 08 Dec 2008]

6.03

(1)Paulownia species are fast growing hardwood trees indigenous from the south east of China recorded as far back as 1049 BC for the production of high quality timber. In the Iberian Peninsula, the first experimental Paulownia plantation (more specifically the natural hybrid of Paulownia elongate S.Y. Hu and Paulownia fortunei Hemsl.) was introduced two years ago.

(1)Silvestre, A.J.D., D, V. Evtuguin, A. P. Mendes Sousa,and A. M.S. Silva. 2005. Lignans from a hybrid Paulownia wood. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 33(12): 1298-1302.

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1)Corolla purple to pinkish white, funnelform-campanulate, 7–9.5 × 4–5 cm, slightly curved, ridged ventrally, outside glandular and stellate hairy, inside glabrous and purple spotted; limb 4–5 cm in diam. Stamens to 2.5 cm. Ovary and style glandular; style 3–3.5 cm. (2)Insect pollinated. [related species P. tomentosa with similar floral structure]

(1)Anonymous. 1998. Flora of China 18: 1–212. Available from http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume18/SCROPHULARIACEAE.published.pdf [Accessed 08 Dec 2008] (2)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pato1.htm [Accessed 08 Dec 2008]

6.06

(1)P. elongata is mainly propagated by suckers...It is intolerant and usually cannot regenerate in a stand and occurs sporadically in the wild. [although propagated by suckers, information from the wild suggests that it does not spread vegetatively]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

6.07

(1)Abstract: Observations made on the phenology of three-year-old plants of 5 Paulownia species namely Paustralis, Pelongata, P. fortunei, P. tomentosa and P. forgesii indicated that flower bud production occurred in the month of August in the first four species. P. forgesii did not produce any flower buds. The blooming took place in first week of March before foliation. P. elongata flowered earliest of the species in the first followed by P. fortunei in the second, Paustralis and P. tomentosa in the third week of March. The fruit setting commenced in the first and second weeks of April in P. australis, P. elongata, P. fortunei; and P. tomentosa. However, the fruit ripening period was found to vary in different species from the fourth week of August to first week of October. Leaf shedding was observed from the fourth week of December to the first week of January. Studies on flower morphology showed that the calyx hairy surface material was of ash grey color (easily removable) in P. fortunei while it was golden brown (sticky) in P. tomentosa, P. australis and P. elongata. The corolla color was white in P. elongata, dark purple in P. tomentosa, light purple in P. australis and mild off white in P. fortunei. The flower length was maximum (10.9 cm) in P. fortunei and minimum (7.9 cm) in P. tomentosa. The percentage of inflorescence bearing plants was 88 in P. elongata, 61 in P. fortunei, 35.5 in P. tomentosa and 30.1 in P. australis. The number of flowers/cyme varied from 2-5 in P. australis and P. elongata and. 3-5 in P. fortunei and P. tomentosa. Fresh fruit weight, fruit length, fruit breadth, seed weight/fruit and placental length were maximum in P. fortunei and minimum in P. tomentosa. The leaf size was largest (238.8 cm-2) in P. fortunei and smallest (124.6 cm-2) in P. forgesii. (2)Blossoming (2nd/3rd yr): 6 weeks in spring. Color: light lavender, yellow center.

(1)Chaudhry, Mohammada-Arif. 1993. Phenological and morphological studies on different Paulownia species growing at Peshawar. Pakistan Journal of Forestry 43(4): 221-226. (2)http://www.dragontrees.com/dragonhi.html [Accessed 08 Dec 2008]

7.01

(1)Capsule ovoid, rarely ovoidellipsoid, 3.5–5 cm, stellate tomentose; persistent calyx disc-shaped; beak 4–5 mm; pericarp 1–2.5 mm. Seeds 4–5 mm including wing. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Anonymous. 1998. Flora of China 18: 1–212. Available from http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume18/SCROPHULARIACEAE.published.pdf [Accessed 08 Dec 2008]

7.02

(1) It is commonly cultivated as a roadside tree and is intercropped with agricultural crops.

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.03

(1)No evidence

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

7.04

(1)Capsule ovoid, rarely ovoidellipsoid, 3.5–5 cm, stellate tomentose; persistent calyx disc-shaped; beak 4–5 mm; pericarp 1–2.5 mm. Seeds 4–5 mm including wing. [winged seeds]

(1)Anonymous. 1998. Flora of China 18: 1–212. Available from http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume18/SCROPHULARIACEAE.published.pdf [Accessed 08 Dec 2008]

7.05

Possibly, as related species P. tomentosa's seeds are dispersed by water (1)A single tree is capable of producing an estimated twenty million seeds that are easily transported long distances by wind and water and may germinate shortly after reaching suitable soil.

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pato1.htm

7.06

(1)Capsule ovoid, rarely ovoidellipsoid, 3.5–5 cm, stellate tomentose; persistent calyx disc-shaped; beak 4–5 mm; pericarp 1–2.5 mm. Seeds 4–5 mm including wing. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Anonymous. 1998. Flora of China 18: 1–212. Available from http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume18/SCROPHULARIACEAE.published.pdf [Accessed 08 Dec 2008]

7.07

(1)Capsule ovoid, rarely ovoidellipsoid, 3.5–5 cm, stellate tomentose; persistent calyx disc-shaped; beak 4–5 mm; pericarp 1–2.5 mm. Seeds 4–5 mm including wing. [no means of external attachment]

(1)Anonymous. 1998. Flora of China 18: 1–212. Available from http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume18/SCROPHULARIACEAE.published.pdf [Accessed 08 Dec 2008]

7.08

(1)Capsule ovoid, rarely ovoidellipsoid, 3.5–5 cm, stellate tomentose; persistent calyx disc-shaped; beak 4–5 mm; pericarp 1–2.5 mm. Seeds 4–5 mm including wing. [no evidence that seeds are consumed]

(1)Anonymous. 1998. Flora of China 18: 1–212. Available from http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume18/SCROPHULARIACEAE.published.pdf [Accessed 08 Dec 2008]

8.01

(1)based on similar capsule morphology to P. tomentosa

(1)http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/pato1.htm

8.02

(1)- Seed storage intermediate [unknown whether it will form persistent seed banks in natural settings]

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.03

(1)Do not use any form of insecticide or weed-killer anywhere near your tree. Paulownia trees are highly sensitive to poisons and will die or be severely damaged if exposed to them.

(1)http://www.dragontrees.com/dragonhi.html

8.04

(1)Ability to sucker; coppice

(1)CAB International, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

8.05

Unknown