Passiflora quadrangularis L. Family - Passifloraceae . Common Names(s) - (giant granadilla, granadilla, grenadine, barbadine, Königs-Grenadille, Riesen-Grendadille, maracujá-acú, maracujá-mamão, maracujá-meläo, maracujá-uacu, badea, granadilla real. Synonym(s) - Passiflora macrocarpa, Passiflora quadrangularis var. variegata.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

1-2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

11

Notes

Source

1.01

P. quadrangularis is cultivated but no mention of being highly domesticated.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1) The native range is not known but is thought to have been northwest South America. A wild form is native to Nicaragua to Columbia.

(1) Ulmer, T., MacDougal, J.M. 2004. Passiflora Passionflowers of the World. Portland Oregon. Timber Press. 430 pp.

2.02

(1) The native range is not known but is thought to have been northwest South America. A wild form is native to Nicaragua to Columbia. (2) Origin not known probably neotropics.

(1) Ulmer, T., MacDougal, J.M. 2004. Passiflora Passionflowers of the World. Portland Oregon. Timber Press. 430 pp.. (2) http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?27001#dist

2.03

(1) Grows from sea level to 2500 m. (2) USDA Hardiness Zones: 10a-11.

(1) Vanderplank, J. 2000. Passion Flowers. Hong Kong. MIT Press. 224 pp. (2) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/631/

2.04

(1) Naturalized in wet forest on O'ahu (Waiāhole Valley) and Hawai'i (Kona). (2)The native range is not known but is thought to have been northwest South America. A wild form is native to Nicaragua to Columbia. (3) Naturalized in the Galapagos

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes). (2) Ulmer, T., MacDougal, D.M. 2004. Passiflora Passionflowers of the World. Portland Oregon. Timber Press. 430 pp. (3) Tye, A. 2001. Invasive Plant Problems and Requirements for Weed Risk Assessment in the Galapagos. In Groves, R.H., Panetta, F.D., Virtue, J.G. (eds.). Weed Risk Assessment.

2.05

(1) Naturalized in wet forest on O'ahu (Waiāhole Valley) and Hawai'i (Kona). (2) P. quadrangularis is cultivated in India, Thailand, Australia, the Philippines and Hawaii.

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes). (2) Ulmer, T., MacDougal, J.M. 2004. Passiflora Passionflowers of the World. Portland Oregon. Timber Press. 430 pp.

3.01

(1) Invasive in the Galápagos Islands: Floreasna, Volcan Sierra Negra, San Cristóbal, Santa Cruz; Samoa: Savai'i. (2) Naturalized in wet forest on O'ahu (Waiāhole Valley) and Hawai'i (Kona).

(1) http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/passiflora_quadrangularis.htm (2) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

3.02

(1) Naturalized species in the Galapagos. Expected to become a species that will cause significant ecological change unless control actions are taken. (2) Considered invasive in Hawai'i and the Galapagos Islands.

(1) Tye, A. 2001 Invasive Plant Problems and Requirements for Weed Risk Assessment in the Galapagos Islands. In: Groves, R.H., Panetta, F.D., Virtue, J.D. (eds.) Weed Risk Assessment. Victoria, Australia. Csiro Publishing. (2) http://www.hear.org/pier/species/passiflora_quadrangularis.htm

3.03

No evidence.

3.04

3.05

(1) P. edulis and P. ligularis are considered two of the most aggressive invasive weeds in the Galapagos. (2) P. mollissima is invasive in Hawai‘i.

(1) Rogg, H., Buddenhagen, C.,Causton, C. 2005. Experiences and limitations with pest risk analysis in the Galapagos Islands. In: IPPC Secretariat. Identification of risks and management of invasive alien species using the IPPC framework. Proceedings of the workshop on invasive alien species and the International Plant Protection Convention, Braunschweig, Germany, 22-26 September 2003. Rome, Italy, FAO. xii + 301 pp. (2) http://www.hear.org/Pier/pdf/pohreports/passiflora_mollissima.pdf

4.01

(1) No spine, thorns, or burrs

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

4.02

No evidence

4.03

(1) No evidence of parasitism.

(1) Ulmer, T., MacDougal, J.M. 2004. Passiflora Passionflowers of the World. Portland Oregon. Timber Press. 430 pp.

4.04

Don't know

4.05

No evidence of toxicity to animals in Pubmed or Toxnet.

4.06

No evidence

4.07

(1) Parts of plants are poisonous if ingested. (2)The leaves produce hydrocyanic acid and are therefore poisonous.(3) The leaves, skin and immature seeds contain a cyanogenic glycoside. The pulp contains passiflorine and, if indulged in excessively, causes lethargy and somnolence. The raw root is said to be emetic, narcotic and poisonous. 

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/631/ (2) http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/g/granadilla.pdf (Cited 2008 Oct 9). (3) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/giant_granadilla.html (Cited 2008 Oct 9].

4.08

No evidence (1) Lianas

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

4.09

(1) part shade to sun

(1) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/631/

4.10

(1) Australians have observed good growth on volcanic, alluvial, and sandy soil, and even decomposed granite

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/giant_granadilla.html

4.11

(1) Lianas

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

4.12

(1) Lianas

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

5.01

(1) Lianas

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

5.02

(1) Passifloraceae

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

5.03

(1) Lianas

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

5.04

(1) Lianas

(1) Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R., Sohmer, S. H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. Bernice P. Bishop Museum special publication. University of Hawai‘i Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. 1919 pp. (two volumes).

6.01

No evidence

6.02

(1) Can propagate from seed.

(1) Vanderplank, J. 2000. Passion Flowers. Hong Kong. MIT Press. 224 pp.

6.03

Don't know

6.04

(1) P. quadrangularis is able to produce fruit with its own pollen.

(1) Ulmer, T., MacDougal, J.M. 2004. Passiflora Passionflowers of the World. Portland Oregon. Timber Press. 430 pp.

6.05

(1) Carpenter bees a efficient pollinators.(2) Insects pollinate.

(1) http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=AxbUJntXepEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA436&dq=passiflora+quadrangularis+%2B+%22pollinators%22&ots=huxOr-7MZJ&sig=k3muxwayX-P_KEhkslx6nMclNUI#PPP1,M1 [Cited 2008 Oct 8] (2) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/giant_granadilla.html [Cited 2008 Oct 9].

6.06

No evidence, but other species in the genus are known to reproduce vegetatively. (1) P. mollissima is able to reproduce vegetatively. (2) P. tarminiana is able to reproduce vegetatively by suckering stems.

(1) http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:NncwK5XesZcJ:digital-library.canterbury.ac.nz/data/collection3/etd/adt-NZCU20080617.153224/02whole.pdf+passiflora+%2B+%22seed+bank%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=14&gl=us (2) http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/exotic_plant_life_and_weeds/detail.asp?WeedID=603 [Cited 2008 Oct 9]

6.07

(1) It takes P. quadrangularis 1-2 years to flower.

(1) Ulmer, T., MacDougal, J.M. 2004. Passiflora Passionflowers of the World. Portland Oregon. Timber Press. 430 pp.

7.01

(1) Fruits are largest in genus and do not have the adaptation for attachment.

(1) Ulmer, T., MacDougal, J.M. 2004. Passiflora Passionflowers of the World. Portland Oregon. Timber Press. 430 pp.

7.02

(1) P. quadrangularis is cultivated in many tropical regions.

(1) Ulmer, T., MacDougal, J.M. 2004. Passiflora Passionflowers of the World. Portland Oregon. Timber Press. 430 pp.

7.03

No evidence of being a contaminant.

7.04

(1) The Fruits of nearly all Passiflora species are dispersed by animals, mostly through the digestive tracts of birds or mammals.

(1) Ulmer, T., MacDougal, J.M. 2004. Passiflora Passionflowers of the World. Portland Oregon. Timber Press. 430 pp.

7.05

(1) The Fruits of nearly all Passiflora species are dispersed by animals, mostly through the digestive tracts of birds or mammals.

(1) Ulmer, T., MacDougal, J.M. 2004. Passiflora Passionflowers of the World. Portland Oregon. Timber Press. 430 pp.

7.06

(1) The Fruits of nearly all Passiflora species are dispersed by animals, mostly through the digestive tracts of birds or mammals.

(1) Ulmer, T., MacDougal, J.M. 2004. Passiflora Passionflowers of the World. Portland Oregon. Timber Press. 430 pp.

7.07

(1) The Fruits of nearly all Passiflora species are dispersed by animals, mostly through the digestive tracts of birds or mammals.

(1) Ulmer, T., MacDougal, J.M. 2004. Passiflora Passionflowers of the World. Portland Oregon. Timber Press. 430 pp.

7.08

(1) The Fruits of nearly all Passiflora species are dispersed by animals, mostly through the digestive tracts of birds or mammals.

(1) Ulmer, T., MacDougal, J.M. 2004. Passiflora Passionflowers of the World. Portland Oregon. Timber Press. 430 pp.

8.01

(1) In Indonesia and Queensland, a productive vine will fruit more or less continually all year and the annual yield may range from 25 to 35 fruits in the larger types to 70 to 120 fruits in medium to small types. Venezuelan horticulturists report that their main blooming period is May to October and the fruits ripen in 62 to 85 days from flower-opening, the crop being harvested mainly from July through October. The yield of 2- to 3-year-old vines varies from 16 to 50 fruits.

(1) http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/giant_granadilla.html

8.02

Don't know, P. mollissima has a seed bank of > 1 year.

8.03

Don't know

8.04

Don't know

8.05

Don't know