Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service

Information on Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment

Passiflora edulis (passion fruit, purple granadilla, purple water lemon, liliko'i)

Answer

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=-1, n=-1

y

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

n

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

n

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

4.1

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

n

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

y

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

n

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

n

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

2

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

n

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

n

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

n

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

n

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

6

Source

Notes

1.01

No evidence

1.02

(2) In Australia the purple passion fruit was flourishing and partially naturalized in coastal areas of Queensland before 1900. (3)The yellow passion fruit has naturalized in this manner in some parts of southern Florida.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/paedu.htm (2)http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/passionfruit.html (3)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_MG328

1.03

No evidence

2.01

(1)Subtropical. (2)Introduced to several islands in the Pacific and to South Africa. (3)The purple passionfruit is native from southern Brazil through Paraguay to northern Argentina. It has been stated that the yellow form is of unknown origin, or perhaps native to the Amazon region of Brazil, or is a hybrid between P. edulis and P. ligularis. Cytological studies have not borne out the hybrid theory.

(1)Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database (2)http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/paedu.htm (3)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/Passionfruit.html

2.02

2.03

(1)USDA zones 9 and 10. It grows and produces well between altitudes of 2,000 and 4,000 ft (650-1,300 m) in India. In Java, it grows well in lowlands but will flower and fruit only above 3,200 ft (1,000 m).The yellow passionfruit is tropical or near-tropical. In Western Samoa, it is grown from near sea-level up to an elevation of 2,000 ft (600 m). Both forms need protection from wind.

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/Passionfruit.html

2.04

(1)Native to Brazil (2)Native range - South America (3)The purple passion fruit is native from southern Brazil through Paraguay to northern Argentina.

(1)Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database (2)http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/paedu.htm (3)http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/passionfruit.html

2.05

Introduced to several islands in the Pacific and to South Africa.

http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/paedu.htm

3.01

(1)A problem species in New Zealand and South Africa.
(2) In Australia the purple passion fruit was flourishing and partially naturalized in coastal areas of Queensland before 1900. (3)The yellow passion fruit has naturalized in this manner in some parts of southern Florida. (4)It quickly became naturalized in the lower forests and, by 1930, could be found wild on all the islands of the Hawaiian chain. The purple passionfruit was naturalized in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica by 1913

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/paedu.htm (2)http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/passionfruit.html (3)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_MG328 (4)http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/Passionfruit.html

3.02

No evidence

3.03

A present in Brazil. [not an economic weed]

An electronic atlas of world weeds and invasive species. CD-ROM database. Version 1. 1997.

3.04

(1)Category 2 invader in South Africa -- Category 2 plants are plants that are useful for commercial plant production purposes but are proven plant invaders under uncontrolled conditions outside demarcated areas. (2)A problem species in New Zealand and South Africa.

(1)http://www.gov.za/gazette/notices/1999/2485.htm (2)http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/paedu.htm

3.05

P. suberosa is a common weed in Taiwan and Australia. P. rubra is a principle weed in Trinidad. Passiflora mollissima

An electronic atlas of world weeds and invasive species. CD-ROM database. Version 1. 1997.

No evidence

http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/paedu.htm

4.01

No evidence

4.02

No evidence

4.03

the rinds are chopped, dried, and combined with molasses as cattle or pig feed

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/Passionfruit.html

4.04

the rinds are chopped, dried, and combined with molasses as cattle or pig feed

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/Passionfruit.html

4.05

This website lists 102 fungi to be associated with P. edulis. Did not find evidence of this species being associated with recognized pests. [many diseases but not affecting other economic plants, or generalists]

http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm

4.06

No evidence

4.07

Possible, if vines grow over other plants and die.

4.08

(1)Requires sun to half sun. (2)Sun exposure: full sun.

(1)Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database (2) http://plantsdatabase.com/go/1193/

4.09

(1)Grows in sandy, clay, loamy, and rocky soil - unparticular. (2)will grow on a wide range of soils, but good drainage and aeration are essential

(1)Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database (2)http://www.hortnet.co.nz/publications/hortfacts/hf708005.htm

4.1

(1)t is a twining vine. (2)Tendrillar climber - smothers trees and shrubs.

Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database

4.11

No evidence

4.12

5.01

5.02

5.03

5.04

Seed; often planted by humans. Seeds spread by animals; in Hawai‘i, especially by feral pigs. Birds may also spread the seeds

http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/paedu.htm

6.01

Seed; often planted by humans. Seeds spread by animals; in Hawai‘i, especially by feral pigs. Birds may also spread the seeds

http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/paedu.htm

6.02

'It has been stated that the yellow form is of unknown origin, or perhaps native to the Amazon region of Brazil, or is a hybrid between P. edulis and P. ligularis. Cytological studies have not borne out the hybrid theory. '

http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/passionfruit.html

6.03

(1)Purple passion fruit is self-fruitful, but pollination is best under humid conditions. (2)Pollination is essential for fruit production on passion vines. Flowers of the purple passion vine normally set fruit when self-pollinated, but many yellow passion vines will not set fruit unless their flowers are dusted with pollen from a different vine that is genetically compatible.Thus, 2 plants grown from cuttings taken from the same vine cannot pollinate each other. [depends on cultivar]

(1)http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/passionfruit.html (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_MG328

6.04

(1)Carpenter bees are the most efficient pollinator, much more so than honey bees. Wind is ineffective because of the heaviness and stickiness of the pollen. (2)The scented flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees.

(1)http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/passionfruit.html (2)http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Passiflora+edulis

6.05

Passion fruit vines are usually grown from seeds. [No evidence vegetative propagation in the wild.]

http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/passionfruit.html

6.06

The vines bear their fruit within 18 months of establishment and have in general a cropping life of up to 8 years.

http://www.hortnet.co.nz/publications/hortfacts/hf708005.htm

6.07

Propagules do not have any mean of attachment.

http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/passionfruit.html

7.01

(1)Fruits are edible. (2)Seed; often planted by humans.

(1)Plant Master 5.5. CD-ROM database (2)http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/paedu.htm

7.02

Seeds are relatively large -about 0.5 cms long. (see photograph)

http://www.passionflow.co.uk/biclose112.htm

7.03

7.04

7.05

Seeds spread by animals; in Hawai‘i, especially by feral pigs. Birds may also spread the seeds.

http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/paedu.htm

7.06

Seeds spread by animals; in Hawai‘i, especially by feral pigs. Birds may also spread the seeds. [Seeds do not have any means of attachment and so probably dispersed through ingestion ].

http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/paedu.htm

7.07

Seeds spread by animals; in Hawai‘i, especially by feral pigs. Birds may also spread the seeds. [No direct evidence - but the seeds do not have any means of attachment and so probably are dispersed by passage through the gut of animals.]

http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/paedu.htm

7.08

Seeds are relatively large -about 0.5 cms long. (see photograph)

http://www.passionflow.co.uk/biclose112.htm

8.01

can be propagated from seed, which should be fresh (less than I year old) because seeds lose viability rapidly.

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_MG328

8.02

(1)"Difficult if growing over non-target plants. Sensitive to 10% triclopyr ester in oil applied to individual vines (Pat Bily, TNC). May also be controlled by treating foliage on ground, cutting the stems at base of hosts and treatment of the weed stump." (2)Treat stems with a basal application of 10% Garlon 4 or use 10% Garlon 4 in a cut-stem application.

(1)http://www.hear.org/pier_v3.3/paedu.htm (2)http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_WG209

8.03

If plants are cut down to the ground by frost they can regenerate from the base

http://www.comp.leeds.ac.uk/cgi-bin/pfaf/arr_html?Passiflora+edulis

8.04

plantations were devastated several times by easily-spread diseases and pests. (Africa), about 1943, a widespread invasion of Fusarium wilt killed the vines (Australia), New Zealand, in the early 1930's, had a small but thriving purple passionfruit industry in Auckland Province but in a few years the disease-susceptibility brought about its decline (New Zealand), At the University of Florida's Subtropical Experiment Station in Homestead, Florida, limited trials with the purple and yellow forms resulted in words of discouragement, the purple vine in particular having proved so susceptible to disease (USA). [dense patches are devestated by disease]

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/Passionfruit.html

8.05