Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) I.Nielsen. subsp. montana (Jungh.) I. Nielsen. Family - Fabaceae. Common Names(s) - Mountain Albizia, plume albizia. Synonym(s) - Albizia lophantha (Willd.) Benth.

Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y=1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=-1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

0

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range?

y=-2, ?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

0.5

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

1

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

y

-1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

10.5

Notes

Source

1.01

(1)No evidence

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native range: Southwestern Australia. (2)A. lophantha is a WA native evergreen that grows rapidly to from 2 to 15 m. It is suited temperate conditions and most well drained soils, and handles rainfall down to 600 mm a year. It is relatively short lived and may die off after 6 to 8 years when it’s timber can be used as firewood.

(1)http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/paraserianthes_lophantha.htm [Accessed 22 Sep 2009] (2)http://www.small-farm-permaculture-and-sustainable-living.com/livestock_feeding_systems.html [Accessed 22 Sep 2009]

2.02

(1)Native range: Southwestern Australia. (2)A. lophantha is a WA native evergreen that grows rapidly to from 2 to 15 m. It is suited temperate conditions and most well drained soils, and handles rainfall down to 600 mm a year. It is relatively short lived and may die off after 6 to 8 years when it’s timber can be used as firewood.

(1)http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/paraserianthes_lophantha.htm [Accessed 22 Sep 2009] (2)http://www.small-farm-permaculture-and-sustainable-living.com/livestock_feeding_systems.html [Accessed 22 Sep 2009]

2.03

(1)Hardiness: USDA Zone 8a: to -12.2 °C (10 °F) USDA Zone 8b: to -9.4 °C (15 °F) USDA Zone 9a: to -6.6 °C (20 °F) USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F) (2)Elevation: between 0 and 984 feet

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/58336/ [Accessed 22 Sep 2009] (2)http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=165 [Accessed 24 Sep 2009]

2.04

(1)Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) I. Nielsen New naturalized record subsp. montana (Jungh.) I. Nielsen In their discussion of the genus Paraserianthes, Geesink et al. (1999: 690) reported that this taxon had been planted by state foresters and was now extensively reproducing at several sites on Maui, but not spreading. As such, they did not treat it as naturalized. In Kula Forest Reserve, there are a number of places where different size classes can be observed colonizing available gaps in areas surrounded by tall, dense forestry plantings. It is well established and locally abundant, and should be considered a naturalized component of the Hawaiian flora. The genus is now considered monotypic, with four varieties (Barneby & Grimes, 1996: 256). The nominate subspecies lophantha is invasive in New Zealand (Atkinson, 1997: 31; C. Buddenhagen, pers. comm.). Material examined. MAUI: East Maui, Makawao Distr., Kama‘ole, Kula Forest Reserve, along the Plum Trail, 1707 m, 7 Jul 2000, Oppenheimer H70074 (BISH, PTBG).

(1)Oppenheimer, H. L., R. T. Bartlett. 2002. New plant records from the main Hawaiian Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 69:1-14.

2.05

(1)South Africa [invasive] N Australia [invasive] New Zealand [introduced] Azores [introduced] Hawaii [naturalized]

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

3.01

(1)Naturalized in Sicily (2)Albizia lophantha, a dicot, is a tree or shrub that is not native to California; it was introduced from elsewhere and naturalized in the wild (3)It is recorded as weedy in South Africa, Canary Islands and Chile. It is naturalised in SA, Victoria and NSW in most types of native vegetation. The seeds lie dormant for many years but germinate rapidly after fire. (4)Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) I. Nielsen New naturalized record subsp. montana (Jungh.) I. Nielsen In their discussion of the genus Paraserianthes, Geesink et al. (1999: 690) reported that this taxon had been planted by state foresters and was now extensively reproducing at several sites on Maui, but not spreading. As such, they did not treat it as naturalized. In Kula Forest Reserve, there are a number of places where different size classes can be observed colonizing available gaps in areas surrounded by tall, dense forestry plantings. It is well established and locally abundant, and should be considered a naturalized component of the Hawaiian flora. The genus is now considered monotypic, with four varieties (Barneby & Grimes, 1996: 256). The nominate subspecies lophantha is invasive in New Zealand (Atkinson, 1997: 31; C. Buddenhagen, pers. comm.). Material examined. MAUI: East Maui, Makawao Distr., Kama‘ole, Kula Forest Reserve, along the Plum Trail, 1707 m, 7 Jul 2000, Oppenheimer H70074 (BISH, PTBG), Haleakalä Ridge Trail, 1920 m, 7 Jul 2000, Oppenheimer H70077 (BISH, PTBG).

(1)Villari R, Zaccone S. 1999. Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) J. Nielsen (Mimosaceae) a new alien species naturalised to Sicily. Flora Medit. 9. 287-290 (2)http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=165 [Accessed 22 Sep 2009] (3)http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=E10 [Accessed 22 Sep 2009] (4)Oppenheimer, H. L., R. T. Bartlett. 2002. New plant records from the main Hawaiian Islands. In: Evenhuis, Neal L. and Eldredge, Lucius G., eds. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2000. Part 2: Notes. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 69:1-14.

3.02

(1)No evidence

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

3.03

(1)No evidence

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

3.04

(1)Abstract Several Australian tree species have become highly invasive and important weeds in South Africa. Biological control programmes have been launched against several species including: Acacia longifolia (Andr.) Willd., A. pycnantha Benth., A. cyclops A. Cunn. ex G. Don, A. mearnsii De Wild., A. melanoxylon R.Br., A. dealbata Link, and Paraserianthes lophanta (Willd.) Nielsen, (using gall-forming and seed-feeding herbivorous insects); and A. saligna (Labill.) H.L. Wendl. (using a fungal pathogen). The subject of this paper is the recent finding that Melanterius ?servulus Pascoe, a seed-feeding weevil which became established on A. cyclops in South Africa in 1994, has now proliferated at most of the release sites in the south-western part of the Western Cape Province. Feeding damage by the adult and larval weevils destroys up to 95% of the seeds on A. cyclops. Three factors have been identified that may influence the effectiveness of M. ?servulus as a biological control agent, namely: (i) limited dispersal abilities of the weevils; (ii) interference by birds, a native alydid bug and rodents which also feed on the A. cyclops seeds; and (iii) asynchrony in the phenologies of the weevils and their host plant. (2)The riparian vegetation neighbouring the Sherwood Avenue site (36.85880ºS, 174.63878ºE) was dominated by woody weeds, especially Paraserianthes lophantha (brush wattle) [invasive in New Zealand] (3)Common Garden and Agricultural Plants that are environmental Weeds [Southwest Victoria, Australia] (4)Cape wattle is a West Australian native which has been widely promoted as a garden plant in the last twenty years or so. It is now extensively naturalised in eastern Australia, where it invades bush around towns and gardens. It can become dominant in bush and coastal woodland. It is a very fast growing plant tolerant of poor soils, and adapted to recolonising from seed after fires. (5)Brush wattle is an aggressive weed in some areas especially where it is able to seed freely into disturbed scrubland. It is easily distinguished from all naturalised Acacia spp. by the large and robust infls. N.Z. material can be referred to the type subsp. The sp. has been previously known in N.Z. as Acacia lophantha and Albizia lophantha.

(1)Impson, F.A.C., V.C. Moran, J.H. Hoffmann, D. Donnelly, and K. Stewart. 2000. Recent Developments in the Biological Control of Invasive Acacias in South Africa: Melanterius ?servulus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) against Acacia cyclops. Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. 4-14 July 1999, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA. (2)Sullivan, J.J., C. Meurk, K. J. Whaley and R. Simcock. 2009. Restoring native ecosystems in urban Auckland: urban soils, isolation, and weeds as impediments to forest establishment. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 33(1): 60-71. (3)http://www.colacotway.vic.gov.au/Files/Page1_weeds.pdf [Accessed 22 Sep 2009] (4)http://www.esc.nsw.gov.au/site/Weeds/Sheets/shrubs/S%20Cape%20wattle.htm [Accessed 22 Sep 2009] (5)Webb, C.J., W.R. Sykes, and P.J Garnock-Jones. 1988. Flora of New Zealand Volume IV: Naturalised Pteridophytes,

3.05

(1)Albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria) is the clearest example of an ecosystem transformer species in the Seychelles. Firstly, Albizia is a N-fixing species that alters soil nutrient content. Secondly, Albizia has a light open canopy that allows high levels of light to penetrate to the ground. Finally, adult trees of Albizia are vulnerable to storms and can easily fall and produce large gaps. Altered soil conditions, high light penetration and increased frequency of gaps may all facilitate further invasions by other exotic species. [Currently known as Falcataria moluccana]

(1)Vielle, M. 2003. Management Priorities for Seychelles – a Basis for Discussions. Pp. 99-104 in J.R. Mauremootoo (ed.). Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Invasive Alien Species and Terrestrial Ecosystem Rehabilitation in Western Indian Ocean Island States. Seychelles - Monday 13th to Friday 17th October 2003.

4.01

(1)"Shrub, small tree. Leaves evergreen; petiole with a gland; primary leaflets 7-15 pairs; secondary leaflets more or less 25 pairs, less than 1 cm. Flowers greenish yellow. Fruit indehiscent or slowly dehiscent, 5-10 cm, oblong, flat except over seeds, barely narrowed between seeds, glabrous, brown

(1)Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California. U. Cal. Press, Berkeley.

4.02

(1)No evidence

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

4.03

(1)"Shrub, small tree. Leaves evergreen; petiole with a gland; primary leaflets 7-15 pairs; secondary leaflets more or less 25 pairs, less than 1 cm. Flowers greenish yellow. Fruit indehiscent or slowly dehiscent, 5-10 cm, oblong, flat except over seeds, barely narrowed between seeds, glabrous, brown [no evidence]

(1)Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California. U. Cal. Press, Berkeley.

4.04

(1)Albizia species are nitrogen fixing trees that provide high protein (around 20%) fodder useful for raising small livestock and large. However, the foliage is also high in fibre and lignin, and so has low digestibility and should be fed in combination with other species. For dryland situations in Western Australia’s south west, two species are suitable: Albizia lebbeck and Albizia lophantha (now known as Paraserianthes lophantha).

(1)http://www.small-farm-permaculture-and-sustainable-living.com/livestock_feeding_systems.html [Accessed 22 Sep 2009]

4.05

(1)Internal poison no Dermatologic poison no Livestock poison no (2)Albizia species are nitrogen fixing trees that provide high protein (around 20%) fodder useful for raising small livestock and large. However, the foliage is also high in fibre and lignin, and so has low digestibility and should be fed in combination with other species. For dryland situations in Western Australia’s south west, two species are suitable: Albizia lebbeck and Albizia lophantha (now known as Paraserianthes lophantha).

(1)http://www.crescentbloom.com/plants/Specimen/AI/Albizia%20lophantha.htm [Accessed 22 Sep 2009] (2)http://www.small-farm-permaculture-and-sustainable-living.com/livestock_feeding_systems.html [Accessed 22 Sep 2009]

4.06

(1)Gall Rusts. Disease…Host range. In Australia, these rusts occur on a very wide range of Acacia spp…A survey of publications show 57 species of acacias being recorded as hosts of U. tepperianum across Australia (McAlpine 1906; Warcup and Talbot 1981). A survey of the host range of the fungus in the south-west of Western Australia yielded a further 50 records of new hosts (Gathe 1971). The fungus also infects Paraserianthes lophantha ssp. lophantha (Willd.) Nielson in Australia and P. lophantha ssp. montana (Junghuhn.) Nielsen in java...Impacts of these two pathogens on susceptible hosts can be severe, with stem and shoot malformation and, in extreme cases, tree death. [could be an alternate host for diseases of native Acacia koa]

(1)Old, K.M. 2000. A manual of diseases of tropical acacias in Australia, South-East Asia and India. Center for International Forestry Research, Jakarta, Indonesia.

4.07

(1)No evidence

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

4.08

(1)The seeds lie dormant for many years but germinate rapidly after fire. [no evidence of increased fire hazard from trees, only stimulation of seed bank after fires. Seedling recruitment and establishment of dense stands, however, could provide a positive feedback that increases fire risk]

(1)http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state=wa&s=&region=swr&card=E10 [Accessed 24 Sep 2009]

4.09

(1)The best-performing trees were those having an easterly aspect, receiving full sun for most of the day. This seems desirable, as trees planted in heavy shade have not performed nearly so well. (2)Sun Exposure: Full Sun (3)Suited to most soils but needs full sun. (4)Light Range: Full Sun to Full Sun

(1)http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp9/paraserianthes-lophantha.html [Accessed 22 Sep 2009] (2)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/58336/ [Accessed 22 Sep 2009] (3)Wrigley, J W. and Fagg, M. 2003. Austraian Native Plants. New Holland Publishers. Pvt. Ltd. Sydney. (4)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_5963.html [Accessed 22 Sep 2009]

4.10

(1)Suited to most soils but needs full sun.

(1)Wrigley, J W. and Fagg, M. 2003. Austraian Native Plants. New Holland Publishers. Pvt. Ltd. Sydney.

4.11

(1)"Shrub, small tree. Leaves evergreen; petiole with a gland; primary leaflets 7-15 pairs; secondary leaflets more or less 25 pairs, less than 1 cm. Flowers greenish yellow. Fruit indehiscent or slowly dehiscent, 5-10 cm, oblong, flat except over seeds, barely narrowed between seeds, glabrous, brown

(1)Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California. U. Cal. Press, Berkeley.

4.12

(1)The combined extent of other thicket-forming alien tree/shrub invasions (mainly Australian species such as Acacia cyclops, A. longifolia, A. saligna, Eucalyptus spp., Leptospermum laevigatum and Paraserianthes lophantha) in 1984 was 11 907 sq. km. (2)It forms dense stands that shade out native species and impede overstory regeneration.

(1)Cowling, R. M., D. M. Richardson, and S. M. Pierce. 2004. Vegetation of Southern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. (2)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

5.01

(1)Terrestrial

(1)Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California. U. Cal. Press, Berkeley.

5.02

(1)Fabaceae

(1)Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California. U. Cal. Press, Berkeley.

5.03

(1)Fabaceae

(1)Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California. U. Cal. Press, Berkeley.

5.04

(1)"Shrub, small tree. Leaves evergreen; petiole with a gland; primary leaflets 7-15 pairs; secondary leaflets more or less 25 pairs, less than 1 cm. Flowers greenish yellow. Fruit indehiscent or slowly dehiscent, 5-10 cm, oblong, flat except over seeds, barely narrowed between seeds, glabrous, brown

(1)Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California. U. Cal. Press, Berkeley.

6.01

(1)No evidence

(1)http://www.esc.nsw.gov.au/site/Weeds/Sheets/shrubs/S%20Cape%20wattle.htm [Accessed 22 Sep 2009]

6.02

(1)The pods are broad and flat, 8-12 cm long, containing 6-12 black shiny seeds, and are very similar to those of wattles.

(1)http://www.esc.nsw.gov.au/site/Weeds/Sheets/shrubs/S%20Cape%20wattle.htm [Accessed 22 Sep 2009]

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown

6.05

(1)Honeybee pollinated

(1)Butz Huryn, V. M. and H. Moller. 1995. AN ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF HONEY BEES (APIS MELLIFERA) TO WEED REPRODUCTION IN NEW ZEALAND PROTECTED NATURAL AREAS. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 19(2): 111-122.

6.06

(1)No evidence

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

6.07

(1)It is an attractive small tree to about 8m, very fast growing, especially in coastal areas, with long (up to 20 cm) bipinnate leaves. The greenish yellow flowers appear in early June and flowering continues through the winter months and into September. These are followed by dark seed pods up to 10 cm in length. The tree flowers from an early age and because of its quick growing habit makes good cover for other species. (2)Hardy, very fast growing plant. Useful for quick shade. (3)Reaches reproductive maturity in 2 years or less: Yes

(1)http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Paraserianthes_lophantha.htm [Accessed 22 Sep 2009] (2)Wrigley, J W. and Fagg, M. 2003. Austraian Native Plants. New Holland Publishers. Pvt. Ltd. Sydney. (3)http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/inventory/PAF/Albizia%20lophantha.pdf [Accessed 24 Sep 2009]

7.01

(1)Spread from seed in dumped garden waste, and by birds, ants and in contaminated soil and water. Like the true wattles, cape wattle produces huge seed crops, which are very long-lived in the soil. They are likely to germinate profusely after fire, so that they can go from being a minor weed to becoming dominant in burnt bush, if there is no control effort after a fire.

(1)http://www.esc.nsw.gov.au/site/Weeds/Sheets/shrubs/S%20Cape%20wattle.htm [Accessed 22 Sep 2009]

7.02

(1)It is used widely as an ornamental plant in coastal districts of South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and Tasmania and has, in fact, become naturalised in these areas. It is recorded as a weed species in New Zealand and should therefore be planted with caution.

(1)http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/gnp9/paraserianthes-lophantha.html [Accessed 22 Sep 2009]

7.03

(1)Spread from seed in dumped garden waste, and by birds, ants and in contaminated soil and water. Like the true wattles, cape wattle produces huge seed crops, which are very long-lived in the soil. They are likely to germinate profusely after fire, so that they can go from being a minor weed to becoming dominant in burnt bush, if there is no control effort after a fire. [no evidence]

(1)http://www.esc.nsw.gov.au/site/Weeds/Sheets/shrubs/S%20Cape%20wattle.htm [Accessed 22 Sep 2009]

7.04

(1)Spread from seed in dumped garden waste, and by birds, ants and in contaminated soil and water. Like the true wattles, cape wattle produces huge seed crops, which are very long-lived in the soil. They are likely to germinate profusely after fire, so that they can go from being a minor weed to becoming dominant in burnt bush, if there is no control effort after a fire. [no evidence]

(1)http://www.esc.nsw.gov.au/site/Weeds/Sheets/shrubs/S%20Cape%20wattle.htm [Accessed 22 Sep 2009]

7.05

(1)Paraserianthes lophantha is also water-dispersed but is assigned low-risk status

(1)Tucker, K. C. and D. M. Richardson. 1995. An Expert System for Screening Potentially Invasive Alien Plants in South African Fynbos. Journal of Environmental Management 44: 309-338.

7.06

(1)Spread from seed in dumped garden waste, and by birds, ants and in contaminated soil and water. Like the true wattles, cape wattle produces huge seed crops, which are very long-lived in the soil. They are likely to germinate profusely after fire, so that they can go from being a minor weed to becoming dominant in burnt bush, if there is no control effort after a fire.

(1)http://www.esc.nsw.gov.au/site/Weeds/Sheets/shrubs/S%20Cape%20wattle.htm [Accessed 22 Sep 2009]

7.07

(1)the long-lived seeds are dispersed by birds and ants [elaiosomes present]

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

7.08

(1)the long-lived seeds are dispersed by birds and ants [elaiosomes present]

(1)Weber, E. 2003. Invasive plants of the World. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

8.01

(1)Spread from seed in dumped garden waste, and by birds, ants and in contaminated soil and water. Like the true wattles, cape wattle produces huge seed crops, which are very long-lived in the soil. They are likely to germinate profusely after fire, so that they can go from being a minor weed to becoming dominant in burnt bush, if there is no control effort after a fire.

(1)http://www.esc.nsw.gov.au/site/Weeds/Sheets/shrubs/S%20Cape%20wattle.htm [Accessed 22 Sep 2009]

8.02

(1)The seeds lie dormant for many years but germinate rapidly after fire. (2)Seeds maintained for 8-10 years in commercial storage conditions (Priestley, 1986)

(1)http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&ibra=all&card=E10 [Accessed 22 Sep 2009] (2) Liu, K., Eastwood, R.J., Flynn, S., Turner, R.M., and Stuppy, W.H. 2008. Seed Information Database (release 7.1, May 2008) http://www.kew.org/data/sid

8.03

(1)Control: Fire can be used to stimulate bulk germination of the soil seed bank, as long as the resources are available to do follow-up control on the resulting seedlings. Spray or hand-pull these. Cut and paint or stem inject young vigorous plants. Old plants usually will not re-sprout if just cut down, without the use of herbicides. (2)Abstract: No foliar-applied herbicides are registered against Acacia longifolia, one of the most serious invaders of mountain fynbos vegetation, or Paraserianthes lophantha, a serious weed of streambanks. In this study, glyphosate (180 g ai L-1) at 0.432%, 0.864%, 1.296% and 1.728% (m/v) and triclopyr (480 g ai L-1) at 0.144%, 0.288%, 0.432% and 0.576% (m/v) were applied to juvenile A. longifolia plants. Triclopyr at 1, 2, 3 and 4 L ha-1 were applied to A. longifolia seedlings and glyphosate (180 g ai L-1) at 0.72%, 1.08%, 1.44% and 1.8% (m/v) were applied to juvenile P. lophantha plants. All glyphosate concentrations applied gave satisfactory ( gt 90%) control of A. longifolia and P. lophantha. All triclopyr treatments except the 0.144% (m/v) applied to the juvenile plants and 1 L ha-1 treatments applied to the A. longifolia seedlings gave satisfactory control. It is proposed that both herbicides be registered for use against A. longifolia and that glyphosate be registered for P. lophantha. (3)Adult individuals of obligate re-seeding species are killed by intense fire and must establish seedlings to maintain a role in the post-fire environment [Appendix 1. P. lophantha listed as a seeder in response to fire]

(1)http://www.esc.nsw.gov.au/site/Weeds/Sheets/shrubs/S%20Cape%20wattle.htm [Accessed 22 Sep 2009] (2)Pieterse, P. J. 1994. Foliar-applied herbicides for chemical control of Acacia longifolia and Paraserianthes lophantha. Applied Plant Science 8(2): 54-56. (3)Bell, D. T., J. A. Plummer, and S. K. Taylor. 1993. Seed Germination Ecology in Southwestern Western Australia. Botanical Review 59(1): 24-73.

8.04

(1)Spread from seed in dumped garden waste, and by birds, ants and in contaminated soil and water. Like the true wattles, cape wattle produces huge seed crops, which are very long-lived in the soil. They are likely to germinate profusely after fire, so that they can go from being a minor weed to becoming dominant in burnt bush, if there is no control effort after a fire...Control: Fire can be used to stimulate bulk germination of the soil seed bank, as long as the resources are available to do follow-up control on the resulting seedlings. Spray or hand-pull these. Cut and paint or stem inject young vigorous plants. Old plants usually will not re-sprout if just cut down, without the use of herbicides.

(1)http://www.esc.nsw.gov.au/site/Weeds/Sheets/shrubs/S%20Cape%20wattle.htm [Accessed 22 Sep 2009]

8.05

Unknown