Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y= 1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

y

2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

y

2

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

y

1

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

2 or 3 years

0

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

y

1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

8

Notes

Source

1.01

No evidence that this species has been cultivated for at least 20 generations or so intensively as to distinguish it from wild varieties.

1.02

Score and question left blank because conditions for scoring not met

1.03

Score and question left blank because conditions for scoring not met

2.01

Yes. (1)"Shrub from tropical Africa" (2)"Ochna species are ornamental shrubs and tress native to tropical woodlands of Africa and Asia. Several species, including Ochna thomasiana, are cultivated in Hawai'I for their colorful flowers and unusual fruits." (3)"Ochna thomasiana is native to southeastern Africa" (4)"Distribution: KENYA Kilifi District: Arabuko Forest … Kwale District: between Samburu and MacKinnon Road, near Taru … Tana River District … TANZANIA Bagamoyo District: Kikoka Forest Reserve … Lushoto District: Luengera Valley … Pangani District: Kumbamtoni" (5)[present in] "Arizona • California • Florida • Hawaii • Louisiana • Texas"

(1)Carr. G. Website: University of Hawaii at Manoa: Campus Plants. Accessed 2008. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/FACULTY/CARR/160webindex.htm (2)Starr, F. and K. Starr. 2003. Plants of Hawaii: Ochna thomasiana. United States Geological Survey Biological Resources Division (3)Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamenatals. Timber Press, Portland, OR. (4)Aluka Inc. African Species Plant Checklist Webpage. Accessed 2008. http://www.aluka.org/action/doBrowse?sa=1&sa=1&br=tax-epithets-derived%7Cnamed-as%7Cplant-name-family (5)BayScience Foundation, Inc. Webpage: Zipcodezoo Plant Index. Accessed 2008. http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/

2.02

The quality of the climate match data consistently places this species as being native to tropical areas of southeastern Africa

2.03

No, because the native and naturalized range of this species encompasses <2 holdgridge life zones, <5 USDA hardiness zones and is limited to an altitude range < 1000 m. (1)"Recommended Temperature Zone: USDA: 10-12" (2)"Soil: Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 7.5 Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Light Shade. Moisture: Drought Tolerance: High Temperature: Cold Hardiness: 9b, 10a, 10b, 11." (3)"Alititude range: 0-400 m" (4)"USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)"

(1)Faucon, P. Webpage: Desert tropicals; growing tropical plants in Phoenix. Accessed 2008. http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Ochnaceae/Ochna_thomasiana.html (2)BayScience Foundation, Inc. Webpage: Zipcodezoo Plant Index. Accessed 2008. http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/ (3)Aluka Inc. African Species Plant Checklist Webpage. Accessed 2008. http://www.aluka.org/action/doBrowse?sa=1&sa=1&br=tax-epithets-derived%7Cnamed-as%7Cplant-name-family (4)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/

2.04

Yes. (1)"On Windward O‘ahu, O. thomasiana is widespread and abundant as an understory shrub in disturbed mesic forests." (2)"Mentioned in a note … as escaping from cultivation on O‘ahu" … "There are no bona fide vouchers from naturalized plants, though this is surely due to sampling bias. Field collectors are encouraged to look for this and other Ochna species to better document their distribution and abundance in the Hawaiian Islands." (3)"On East Maui, a few mature trees along with numerous small seedlings that were scattered within 4 m (12 ft) of parent plants of Ochna thomasiana were recently discovered by Park staff in a disturbed mesic lowland forest in the Ka'apahu district of Haleakala National Park." (4")Native to tropical forest areas of Kenya, Tanzania and Somolia" (5)Introduced, cultivated and naturalizing in French Polynesia Society Islands Raiatea (Havai) Island

(1)Imada, C., G.W. Staples and D.R. Herbst. 2000. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 63: 9–16 (2)Evenhuis, N.L. and S.E. Miller. 1998. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1997. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 56: 70 p. (3)Starr, F. and K. Starr. 2003. Plants of Hawaii: Ochna thomasiana. United States Geological Survey Biological Resources Division. (4)Aluka Inc. African Species Plant Checklist Webpage. Accessed 2008. http://www.aluka.org/action/doBrowse?sa=1&sa=1&br=tax-epithets-derived%7Cnamed-as%7Cplant-name-family (5)Florence, J. 2004. Flore de la Polynésie française, Vol. 2. Paris. IRE Editions, Publications Scientifiques, Collection Faune et Flore Tropicales 41. 503 pp

2.05

Not scored because conditions for scoring (3.01 must = "no" to score) not met

3.01

Yes. (1)"On Maui, O. thomasiana is naturalized on both West and East Maui ... On East Maui, a few mature trees along with numerous small seedlings that were scattered within 4 m (12 ft) of parent plants of Ochna thomasiana were recently discovered by Park staff in a disturbed mesic lowland forest in the Ka'apahu district of Haleakala National Park." (2)"Mentioned in a note … as escaping from cultivation on O‘ahu" … "There are no bona fide vouchers from naturalized plants, though this is surely due to sampling bias. Field collectors are encouraged to look for this and other Ochna species to better document their distribution and abundance in the Hawaiian Islands."

(1)Starr, F. and K. Starr. 2003. Plants of Hawaii: Ochna thomasiana. United States Geological Survey Biological Resources Division (2)Evenhuis, N.L. and S.E. Miller. 1998. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1997. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 56: 70 p.

3.02

Yes. (1)"As recently as 1998 … what had long been called Ochna kirkii was reidentified, and its presence as a naturalized species was suggested. Field collections that document its establishment as a bona fide weedy element in the Hawaiian flora are now in hand. On Windward O‘ahu, O. thomasiana is widespread and abundant as an understory shrub in disturbed mesic forests. It is surely much more widespread than the following collections indicate. It will very likely be found on the neighbor islands as well." (2")May be a noxious weed or invasive (defined as "Plants that take over and overwhelm other plants nearby. Usually needs to be restricted by regular pruning or deadheading and/or dividing the rootball") (3)Listed as one of Hawaii's most invasive horticultural plants (4)Appears in a table of "potential invasives" in French Polynesia (5)"We found them May 2002. There were two plants about 6 feet tall, that were flowering at the time. Forest and Kim went up and found about 20 keikis. One of the Kipahulu residents with us said some of the residences did have them as landscape plants." (6)"This category includes species where no consensus on invasive status has been reached yet. Either a species is invasive only in restricted areas or evidence of invasion is too scarce for consensus to be reached … Ochna kirkii (syn. Thomasiana)grow infrequently on glacis (an artificial slope of earth in the front of contruction sites)… is moderately invasive." (7)"Ochna kirkii frequently volunteer near homes and gardens as well as disturbed mesic forests nearby plantings. On Maui, O. serrulata volunteers near plantings and O. kirkii is naturalized on both West and East Maui. Ochna species are popular garden ornamentals and have already been planted in numerous neighborhoods. The public could be discouraged from future plantings, especially near natural areas. Natural area managers should become familiar with Ochna species so that they can be detected and controlled as early as possible to prevent large infestations"

(1)Imada, C., G.W. Staples and D.R. Herbst. 2000. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 63: 9–16 (2)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/ (3)Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW). Webpage: Hawaii's Most Invasive Horticultural Plants. Accessed 2008. http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/hortweeds/specieslist.htm (4)Sherley, G. (tech. ed.). 2000. Invasive species in the Pacific: A technical review and draft regional strategy. South Pacific Regional Environment Programme, Samoa. 190 pp (5)Welton, P. National Park Service Botanist Haleakala National Park Resource Management Division. 2008 Pers. Comm. (6)Kueffer, C. and P. Vos. 2004. Case Studies on the Status of Invasive Woody Plant Species in the Western Indian Ocean 5. Seychelles. Forest Resources Development Service. Working Paper FBS/4-5E. Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome, Italy (7)National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). Website: Ochna kirkii: meet the plants. Accessed 2008. http://www.ntbg.org/plants/plant_details.php

3.03

Unknown

3.04

Possibly, but no confirmation. Please refer to notes section of Question 3.02.

3.05

Yes. Ochna serrulata is a weed (1)"In Austrlia, O. serrulata has invaded rainforests, dry sclerophyll forests and riparian vegetation in coastal districts from Sydney to south-eastern Queensland … the species is ranked as one of the 25 most significant invasive plants on the basis of both percieved detrimental environmental impacts … and invasiveness and frequency." (2)"Ochna serrulata was recently reported as naturalized on the island of Hawai'I from Manuka State Park and Manuka Natural Area Reserve. O. Serrulata is cultivated at Manuka State Park and was found naturalized in surrounding scrub forest behind the park and about 1 mile away in Manuka NAR in Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia) forest on a'a lava flow about 730 m (2,395 ft)" (3)"We investigated potential chemical and mechanical methods for controlling the environmental weed, Ochna serrulata"

(1)Gosper, C.R., G. Vivian-Smith and K. Hoad. 2006. Reproductive ecology of invasive Ochna serrulata (Ochnaceae) in south-eastern Queensland. Australian Journal of Botany 54(1) 43–52 (2)Starr, F. and K. Starr. 2003. Plants of Hawaii: Ochna serrulata. United States Geological Survey Biological Resources Division (3)Breaden, R. 2004. Control methods for ochna (Ochna serrulata) (Hochst.) Walp. In south-east Queensland. Plant Protection Quarterly. 19(1): 33-35

4.01

No. (1)"Shrubs or small tree, 5 to 16 feet tall (1.5-5 m); alternate, oval, sessile leaves, 1 to 3 inches long (2.5-8 cm)" (2)"Shrub or small tree 1.5–8.4(–9.6) m tall with grey bark and spreading or drooping branches; young branchlets dark purplish, striate, with dense pale lenticels. Leaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, narrowly to broadly elliptic, ovate-elliptic or obovate-elliptic, 2–15 cm long, 1–5 cm wide, ± acute at apex, the tip being spinous-apiculate, narrowly rounded to slightly subcordate at base, margin with gland tipped setae 1–5 mm long either restricted to base with rest of margin entire or setose all round; lateral veins ± 20 with very close reticulation of partly subparallel tertiary veins, prominent above; petiole 1–4 mm long; stipules half-navicular, 6 mm long, 1.5 mm wide, very soon deciduous. Flowers solitary or up to 10 in racemiform inflorescences; pedicels 1.3–2.5 cm long, jointed at base or 3–8.5 mm from base. Sepals elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, 10–13 mm long, 2–5 mm wide becoming red in fruit and up to 15 mm long, 7 mm wide. Petals bright yellow, obovate or elliptic, with distinct claw, 12–22 mm long, 8–15 mm wide. Anthers orange, 2.5–5 mm long, dehiscing by apical pores; filaments 2–5 mm long. Carpels 8–11; styles shortly free at apex. Drupelets 7–11 or as few as 1 or 2 by abortion, black, ellipsoid, 7–11 mm long, 5–7 mm wide."

(1)Faucon, P. Webpage: Desert tropicals; growing tropical plants in Phoenix. Accessed 2008. http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Ochnaceae/Ochna_thomasiana.html (2)Aluka Inc. African Species Plant Checklist Webpage. Accessed 2008. http://www.aluka.org/action/doBrowse?sa=1&sa=1&br=tax-epithets-derived%7Cnamed-as%7Cplant-name-family

4.02

There is no documentation in the horticultural literature suggesting this species is allelopathic.

4.03

Ochna does not appear on the USDA parasitic plant genera list (1)

(1)USDA Animal Plant Health Inspection Service Staff. 2008. Parasitic Plant Genera List

4.04

Unknown. However one study found a conspecific to be unpalatable to grazers (1)"Five woody species had a low acceptance to both kudus and impalas year-round … Ochna pulchra"

(1)Owen-Smith, N. and S. M. Cooper. 1987. Palatability of woody plants to browsing ruminants in a South African savanna. Ecology. 68(2): 319-331

4.05

Unknown.

4.06

Not a host for pests which are not already widespread and utilize a wide range of alternate host plants (1)"In cultivation, pests of this species reportedly include scale, thrips, mealybugs and spider mites."

(1)Weaver, R.E. Jr., and P.J. Anderson. 2007. Botany section. Tri-ology 46(6):1-11

4.07

Unlikely, as it is widely cultivated and well-known, yet there is no mention in the literature anyone suffering from an allergic reaction.

4.08

Unknown

4.09

The following was deemed sufficient evidence that this species was (moderately) shade tolerant (1)"O. thomasiana is widespread and abundant as an understory shrub in disturbed mesic forests."(2)"An evergreen shrub to about 12 ft., which thrives only in warm areas and will stand only light frost. This interesting plant grows in light shade. In spring, after the new foliage appears, massess of bright yellow flowers, similar to the buttercup, cover the plant. Two months later the sepals and receptacle enlarge and turn scarlet, revealing a green seed, which turns black as it ripens. The name "Mickey Mouse" comes from the face of the fruit. Zone 10." (3)"Sunlight: Sun Exposure: Light Shade." (4)"Sun Exposure: Light Shade" (5) "Sun Exposure: Full sun to part shade"

(1)Imada, C., G.W. Staples and D.R. Herbst. 2000. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 63: 9–16 (2)Courtright, G. 1995. Tropicals. Timber press publications. Portland, OR. 153 Pages (3)BayScience Foundation, Inc. Webpage: Zipcodezoo Plant Index. Accessed 2008. http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/ (4)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/ (5)Faucon, P. Webpage: Desert tropicals; growing tropical plants in Phoenix. Accessed 2008. http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Ochnaceae/Ochna_thomasiana.html

4.10

No (1)"Soil: Minimum pH: 5.6 • Maximum pH: 7.5"

(1)BayScience Foundation, Inc. Webpage: Zipcodezoo Plant Index. Accessed 2008. http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/

4.11

No, see following growth description of growth habit (1)"[A] smooth shrub … with alternate, short-stemmed, leathery, toothed leaves."

(1)Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 50. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI

4.12

Unknown

5.01

No, terrestrial (1) "a smooth shrub."

(1)Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 50. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI

5.02

No. (1)In the ochna familiy (Ochnaceae), O. kirkii is a smooth shrub from southeast Africa."

(1)Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 50. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI

5.03

No evidence in literature that this plant has nitrogen-fixing capabilities.

5.04

No. Reproduces by seed (1) (2)"Propagation Methods: From seed; sow indoors before last frost Seed Collecting: Allow seedheads to dry on plants; remove and collect seeds"

(1)Starr, F. and K. Starr. 2003. Plants of Hawaii: Ochna thomasiana. United States Geological Survey Biological Resources Division (2)Whitinger, D. Website: Dave's Garden. Accessed 2008. http://davesgarden.com/

6.01

Unknown

6.02

Yes (1)"On East Maui, a few mature trees along with numerous small seedlings that were scattered within 4 m (12 ft) of parent plants of Ochna thomasiana were recently discovered by Park staff in a disturbed mesic lowland forest in the Ka'apahu district of Haleakala National Park."(2)"We found them May 2002. There were two plants about 6 feet tall, that were flowering at the time. Forest and Kim went up and found about 20 keikis. One of the Kipahulu residents with us said some of the residences did have them as landscape plants."

(1)Starr, F. and K. Starr. 2003. Plants of Hawaii: Ochna thomasiana. United States Geological Survey Biological Resources Division (2)Welton, P. National Park Service Botanist Haleakala National Park Resource Management Division. 2008 Pers. Comm.

6.03

Unknown

6.04

Unknown

6.05

Flowers are large and showy and often visited by honeybees. See flower description (1) "The inflorescence is a cluster of yellow radially symmetrical flowers with free, obovate petals 2-2.5 cm long … O. thomasiana is prized as an ornamental for its bright yellow flowers"

(1)Faucon, P. Webpage: Desert tropicals; growing tropical plants in Phoenix. Accessed 2008. http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Ochnaceae/Ochna_thomasiana.html

6.06

Yes (1)Ochna thomasiana can be propagated by seeds or cuttings (2)Appears in a table of vegetative propigation syndromes with a (?) alongside the name

(1)Starr, F. and K. Starr. 2003. Plants of Hawaii: Ochna thomasiana. United States Geological Survey Biological Resources Division (2)Staples, G.W., D. Herbst and C.T. Imada. 2000. Survey of invasive or potentially invasive cultivated plants in Hawaii. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 65:1-35

6.07

(1)"The plant starts to bloom in 2nd or third-year, when it is not even 1 foot high."

(1)Flora Exotica. Webpage: We ship everywhere in North America to around the world. Accessed 2008. http://www.floraexotica.ca/Flower.htm

7.01

No, as fruits are large and conspicuous. Plants are generally planted in landscaping not in highly trafficked areas. For more information please refer to the comments section of question 7.03

7.02

Yes Ochna thomasiana are dispersed as part of the horticultural trade (1)"Ochna thomasiana, are cultivated in Hawai'I for their colorful flowers and unusual fruits." (2)"O. thomasiana is prized as an ornamental for its bright yellow flowers and unusual black fruits set against a red background."

(1)Starr, F. and K. Starr. 2003. Plants of Hawaii: Ochna thomasiana. United States Geological Survey Biological Resources Division (2)Weaver, R.E. Jr., and P.J. Anderson. 2007. Botany section. Tri-ology 46(6):1-11

7.03

No, plant is not typically grown with produce. Also seeds are large and not easily transported on accident. See descriptions (1)"large drupelet fruits that look like mouse ears" (2)"Fruit if three to ten drupes arranged arounf a central, large, elevated torus or disk … Seed solitary in each cell, large and conforming to the interior of the drups, which it closely occupies." (3)Seeds are large nearly 0.5 inches in length

(1)Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamenatals. Timber Press, Portland, OR. (2)Lubbock, J. 1892. A Contribution to Our Knowledge of Seedlings. D. Appleton and Company, New York, NY (3)Neal, M.C. 1965. In Gardens of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 50. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI.

7.04

No. Seeds are large. For more information please refer to comment area of 7.03

7.05

Unknown

7.06

(1)"Ochna thomasiana spreads from initial plantings via bird dispersed fruits and is naturalized in lowland disturbed mesic forests in at least Hawai'I" (2)"The fleshy, oily drupelets of the “Mickey Mouse plant” are attractive to frugivorous birds and eagerly eaten by them. Seedlings of these 2 Ochna species frequently volunteer near homes and gardens and it seems inevitable that they will eventually reach native forests, if they have not already done so. Ochnas in general should be monitored closely for their invasive potential."

(1)Starr, F. and K. Starr. 2003. Plants of Hawaii: Ochna thomasiana. United States Geological Survey Biological Resources Division (2)Evenhuis, N.L. and S.E. Miller. 1998. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1997. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 56: 70 p.

7.07

Fruit is a large (1)"shining black fruit" with no means of external attachment

(1)Whistler, W.A. 2000. Tropical Ornamenatals. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

7.08

(1)"The fleshy, oily drupelets of the “Mickey Mouse plant” are attractive to frugivorous birds and eagerly eaten by them. Seedlings of these 2 Ochna species frequently volunteer near homes and gardens and it seems inevitable that they will eventually reach native forests, if they have not already done so. Ochnas in general should be monitored closely for their invasive potential."

(1)Evenhuis, N.L. and S.E. Miller. 1998. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1997. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 56: 70 p.

8.01

Unlikely, as seeds are large. A single branch of this shrub may produce (1)"up to 12 glossy black drupelets borne erect on the red, waxy receptacle with reflexed red sepals."

(1)Evenhuis, N.L. and S.E. Miller. 1998. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1997. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 56: 70 p.

8.02

Unknown

8.03

Ochna serrulata (a conspecific) can be controlled using herbicides suggesting similar techniques may be successful with O. thomasiana (1)

(1)Breaden, R. 2004. Control methods for ochna (Ochna serrulata) (Hochst.) Walp. In south-east Queensland. Plant Protection Quarterly. 19(1): 33-35

8.04

Unknown

8.05

Unknown