Answer

Score

1.01

Is the species highly domesticated?

y=-3, n=0

n

0

1.02

Has the species become naturalized where grown?

y= 1, n=-1

1.03

Does the species have weedy races?

y=1, n=-1

2.01

Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical”

See Append 2

2

2.02

Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2

2

2.03

Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)

y=1, n=0

n

0

2.04

Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates

y=1, n=0

y

1

2.05

Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2

?=-1, n=0

y

3.01

Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05

-2

3.02

Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.03

Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.04

Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

3.05

Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2)

n=0

n

0

4.01

Produces spines, thorns or burrs

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.02

Allelopathic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.03

Parasitic

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.04

Unpalatable to grazing animals

y=1, n=-1

n

-1

4.05

Toxic to animals

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.06

Host for recognized pests and pathogens

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.07

Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.08

Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems

y=1, n=0

4.09

Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle

y=1, n=0

4.10

Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island)

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.11

Climbing or smothering growth habit

y=1, n=0

n

0

4.12

Forms dense thickets

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.01

Aquatic

y=5, n=0

n

0

5.02

Grass

y=1, n=0

y

1

5.03

Nitrogen fixing woody plant

y=1, n=0

n

0

5.04

Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)

y=1, n=0

n

0

6.01

Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat

y=1, n=0

6.02

Produces viable seed.

y=1, n=-1

6.03

Hybridizes naturally

y=1, n=-1

6.04

Self-compatible or apomictic

y=1, n=-1

6.05

Requires specialist pollinators

y=-1, n=0

n

0

6.06

Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation

y=1, n=-1

y

1

6.07

Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1

See left

7.01

Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas)

y=1, n=-1

7.02

Propagules dispersed intentionally by people

y=1, n=-1

y

1

7.03

Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant

y=1, n=-1

7.04

Propagules adapted to wind dispersal

y=1, n=-1

7.05

Propagules water dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.06

Propagules bird dispersed

y=1, n=-1

7.07

Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally)

y=1, n=-1

7.08

Propagules survive passage through the gut

y=1, n=-1

8.01

Prolific seed production (>1000/m2)

y=1, n=-1

8.02

Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr)

y=1, n=-1

8.03

Well controlled by herbicides

y=-1, n=1

8.04

Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire

y=1, n=-1

8.05

Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents)

y=-1, n=1

Total score:

2

Notes

Source

1.01

Although cultivated for its edible shoots by Papau New Guinea (PNG) highlanders for an unknown amount of time. There is no evidence that it has diverged from the original wild species (1).

(1)Sillitoe, P. 1981. The Gender of Crops in the Papua New Guinea Highlands. Ethnology. 20(1): 1-14

1.02

1.03

2.01

(1)Native to Papua New Guinea (PNG). (2)The genera ... Nastus are restricted to higher elevations (in PNG), occurring in secondary forests from 2 200 to 2 900 m.

(1)Holttum, RE. 1967. The Bamboos of New Guinea. Kew Bulletin. 21(2): 263-292 (2)Srivastava, B.L. 1998. Management and Utilization of Bamboo and Rattan in Papua New Guinea. International Network for Bamboo and Rattan Working Paper No. 18

2.02

No computer analysis was performed on the climate data, therefore WRA protocol requires the score = 2

2.03

No, does not grow in 5 or more USDA hardiness zones (1)USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F) (2)USDA Hardiness Zone: 8 to 10

(1)http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/92994/ [accessed 2/19/08] (2)http://www.backyardgardener.com/ [accessed 2/19/2008]

2.04

(1)Native to Papua New Guinea. (2)Although all the climatic regions of Papua New Guinea are basically tropical, they are nevertheless varied. In the lowlands, mean annual maximum temperatures range between 86° and 90° F (30° and 32° C), and the minimums are between 73° and 75° F (23° and 24° C). Seasonal variation in emperature is slight, and the daily variation approximates the annual variation. Cooler conditions prevail in the Highlands, where night frosts are common above 6,500 feet; daytime temperatures there generally exceed 72° F (22° C) regardless of season.

2.05

A number of nurseries (1,2,3), including some from Hawaii (1,2) offer Nastus elatus for sale as a landscaping plant, suggesting it has a history of repeated introductions outside of PNG.

(1)Quindembo Noninvasive Bamboo Nursery 62-2217 Kanehoa Pl Kamuela, HI 96743 808-885-4968 (2)Yellow Seed Bamboo Nursery Haiku. HI. 808-870-0591 (3)Tropical Bamboo Nursery, 2929 G Road E, Loxahatchee, Florida 33470 Phone: Palm Beach 561.784.2413

3.01

No evidence

3.02

3.03

3.04

3.05

Congeners include (species name only):arundinaceus, baccifera, barbatus, borbonicus, bruneus, brunneus, chusque, elegantissimus, elongatus, guadua, latifolia, macrosperma, manongariviensis, obtosus, productus, prolifer, reholttumianus, rudimentifer, schmudtzii, strictus, tessellatus, tjankorreh, tsaratananensis, viviparus (1). No weedy congener is documented among these species.

(1)http://home.iae.nl/users/pms/wmas_dbase/nastus.html [accessed 2/20/08]

4.01

(1)A bamboo species native to New Guinea. It has light green culms that turn yellow when older. Gray-green leaves are long and narrow. Stems smooth and erect (2)Culms erect; 1500–2000 cm long; woody. Culm-internodes terete; 30–45 cm long. Lateral branches dendroid. Branch complement many. Culm-sheaths smooth.

(1)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_1965.html [accessed 2/20/08] (2)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 02/21/08]

4.02

There is no documentation in the horticultural literature suggesting this species is allelopathic

4.03

No, the genus Nastus does not appear on the USDA comprehensive list of parasitic plant gernera (1)

(1)http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/permits/organism/federal_noxious_weeds.shtml [accessed 2/21/08]

4.04

Given that this species is eaten readily by humans and is prized for its use in cooking (1) there is no reason to believe it wouldn't be similarily palatable to livestock. (2)Delicious edible shoots, which can be eaten raw, unlike most other edible bamboos.

(1)Midmore, D.J., K.B. Walsh, V. Kleinhenz, J.R. Milne, J. Leonardi and K. Blackburn. 1998. Culinary bamboo shoots in Australia: Preliminary Research Results. A report for the Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation (2)http://www.yellowseedbamboo.com/catalog-pages/nastus-elatus.html [accessed 2/20/08]

4.05

Unlikely, as it is nontoxic to humans (see 4.07). Also conspecifics are consumed by lemurs (1)

(1)Grassi, C. 2006. Variability in Habitat, Diet, and Social Structure of Hapalemur griseus in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 131(1):50-63

4.06

No. Suitable alternative hosts exist for aphids and this pest is not specific to Nastus elatus. (1)The most prevalent insect pest observed was the aphid (Psudoregma bambucicola). The hosts of this insect were ... Nastus elatus.

(1)Phillippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research & Development. 2003. Pests and Diseases of Some Exotic and Endemic Bamboo Species in the Cordillera Region. 214p.

4.07

Nastus elatus is used in many food recipes (1). (2)Delicious edible shoots, which can be eaten raw, unlike most other edible bamboos. (3)Reported to be an outstanding edible shoot that can be eaten raw. (4)Three species of Bamboo are consumed in PNG, mostly by the people of the mountain areas. The common species is Nastus elatus Holttum, cultivated throughout the Highland areas for their shoots as vegetables and their hallow stems are used as water containers.

(1)Midmore, D.J., K.B. Walsh, V. Kleinhenz, J.R. Milne, J. Leonardi and K. Blackburn. 1998. Culinary bamboo shoots in Australia: Preliminary Research Results. A report for the Rural Industries Research & Development Corporation (2)http://www.yellowseedbamboo.com/catalog-pages/nastus-elatus.html [accessed 2/20/08] (3)http://www.bamboonursery.com/catalog.asp [accessed 2/21/08] (3)Kambuou, R.N. 1995. Papua New Guinea: Country Report to the FAO International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resources

4.08

4.09

4.10

(1)Not tolerant of wet soil (2)Nastus elatus grow in soils ranging from sandy loam to clay loam and tolerate a normal to moist water regime … Moist is defined as soil that receives regular watering to a depth of 18 inch deep, does not dry out, but does not have a drainage problem either.

(1)http://www.earthcare.com.au/bamboo.htm[accessed 2/21/08] (2)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_1965.html [accessed 2/21/08]

4.11

(1)Its growth habit is compact and upright, and its edible shoots are delicious (2)There are two main types of bamboo (Natus elatus is in the latter group). Runner types send out underground stems to varying distances and sent up a vertical shoot. These will grow in large thickets or grove if left alone. Runners are mainly found in temperate regions. Clump bamboos have underground stems that sprout vertical shoots much closer to their parent plants, glowing slowly outward. Clumpers tend to be tropical or subtropical.

(1)http://www.bamboonursery.com/catalog.asp [accessed 2/21/08]

4.12

The first statement is in regards to N. elatus, the second refers to a conspecific (1)These will grow in large thickets or grove if left alone. Runners are mainly found in temperate regions. Clump bamboos have underground stems that sprout vertical shoots much closer to their parent plants, glowing slowly outward. Clumpers tend to be tropical or subtropical. (2)Another conspicuous feature of this summit vegetation is the profuse occurrences of Nastus schlechteri, a climbing bamboo that often obstructs passage through the forest by forming impenetrable thickets in the undergrowth.

(1)http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_1965.html [accessed 2/20/08] (2)TAKEUCHI, W. 2007. TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL NOTES FOR NEW GUINEA SCHRADERA (RUBIACEAE). Harvard Papers in Botany. 12(2): 397–404.

5.01

Terrestrial

5.02

In the family Poaceae

5.03

In the family Poaceae

5.04

No, following WRA protocol which states "Answer ‘no’ for annual taxa and those with rhizomes / stolons"(1)Nastus elatus HABIT Perennial. Rhizomes short; pachymorph. Culms erect

(1)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 2/21/08]

6.01

6.02

6.03

6.04

6.05

Following WRA protocol, unless a specialist pollinator is found for the taxa in question, all fern, grass, and sedge taxa can be assumed to have generalist pollinators.

6.06

(1)NASTUS elatus ... best propagated by divisions of clumps in the ground. (2)Nastus elatus HABIT Perennial. Rhizomes short; pachymorph. Culms erect

(1)Erken, H. 2007. Nursery Catalogue. Earthcare Enterprises (2)Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 2/21/08]

6.07

7.01

7.02

This species is grown for food (1) and is promoted and sold as an ornimental (2,3).

(1)Oshiro, K. 1999. Growing Vegetables in Hawai'i: A How-to Guide for the Gardener. Bess Press. (2)Bamboo Down Under 930 Tamborine - Oxenford Road, Wongawallan, Qld, 4210 (3)Tradewinds Bamboo Nursery, Portland OR

7.03

7.04

7.05

7.06

7.07

7.08

8.01

8.02

8.03

8.04

8.05