Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service
Information on
Risk Assessments
Original risk assessment
Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)
Mussaenda philippica
RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS: Low risk, score: -3
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Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawai‘i. Research directed by C. Daehler (UH Botany) with funding from the Kaulunani Urban Forestry Program and US Forest Service Information on
Risk Assessments |
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Mussaenda philippica (white mussaenda, Aurorae, tropical dogwood, Bangkok rose, Budda’s lamp) |
Answer |
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|
1.01 |
Is the species highly domesticated? |
y=-3, n=0 |
n |
|
1.02 |
Has the species become naturalized where grown? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
|
1.03 |
Does the species have weedy races? |
y=-1, n=-1 |
n |
|
2.01 |
Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) – If island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute “wet tropical” for “tropical or subtropical” |
See Append 2 |
2 |
|
2.02 |
Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) see appendix 2 |
2 |
|
|
2.03 |
Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
2.04 |
Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
2.05 |
Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2 |
?=-1, n=0 |
y |
|
3.01 |
Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2), n= question 2.05 |
n |
|
|
3.02 |
Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.03 |
Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.04 |
Environmental weed y = 2*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
3.05 |
Congeneric weed y = 1*multiplier (see Append 2) |
n=0 |
n |
|
4.01 |
Produces spines, thorns or burrs |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.02 |
Allelopathic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.03 |
Parasitic |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.04 |
Unpalatable to grazing animals |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
4.05 |
Toxic to animals |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.06 |
Host for recognized pests and pathogens |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.07 |
Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.08 |
Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.09 |
Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle |
y=1, n=0 |
y |
|
4.1 |
Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.11 |
Climbing or smothering growth habit |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
4.12 |
Forms dense thickets |
y=1, n=0 |
|
|
5.01 |
Aquatic |
y=5, n=0 |
n |
|
5.02 |
Grass |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.03 |
Nitrogen fixing woody plant |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
5.04 |
Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.01 |
Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat |
y=1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.02 |
Produces viable seed. |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
6.03 |
Hybridizes naturally |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
6.04 |
Self-compatible or apomictic |
y=1, n=-1 |
|
|
6.05 |
Requires specialist pollinators |
y=-1, n=0 |
n |
|
6.06 |
Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
6.07 |
Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 |
See left |
2 |
|
7.01 |
Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked areas) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.02 |
Propagules dispersed intentionally by people |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
7.03 |
Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.04 |
Propagules adapted to wind dispersal |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.05 |
Propagules water dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.06 |
Propagules bird dispersed |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
7.07 |
Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
7.08 |
Propagules survive passage through the gut |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
8.01 |
Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
8.02 |
Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) |
y=1, n=-1 |
n |
|
8.03 |
Well controlled by herbicides |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
|
8.04 |
Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire |
y=1, n=-1 |
y |
|
8.05 |
Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) |
y=-1, n=1 |
|
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Total score: |
-3 |
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Supporting data:
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Notes |
Source |
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|
1.01 |
(1)AB: Meiotic studies of 4 spp. and 3 hybrid varieties of Mussaenda [M. flava, M. galbrata, M. erythrophylla, M. philippica var. Aurorae] were made. The chromosome number was n = 11 in all the cases. Meiosis was normal in the 4 spp. The hybrids examined showed various abnormalities and high pollen sterility. Two species, M. galbrata and M. flava showed exceptional pollen development in which the vegetative nucleus breaks up and the nuclear fragments are included in pollen buds which are subsequently shed from the pollen. (2)Mussaendas are increasingly popular for theshowy color they provide during much of the yearin South Florida landscapes. ... Thereare more than 200 known species, of which aboutten are found in cultivation, with three of thesebeing widely used for landscaping. (3) Thereare more than 200 known species, of which aboutten are found in cultivation, with three of thesebeing widely used for landscaping. |
(1)TI: CYTOLOGY AND EXCEPTIONAL POLLEN DEVELOPMENT IN
MUSSAENDA. |
|
1.02 |
No evidence of naturalization |
|
|
1.03 |
No evidence |
|
|
2.01 |
(1)The mussaenda is an evergreen shrub related to coffee trees and native to Asia, such as Thailand, the West Indies and parts of tropical West Africa, such as Zaire. (2)Native to Philippines |
(1)http://www.mgonline.com/mussaenda.html (2)http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/98-jul-aug.htm |
|
2.02 |
Common in South Florida's gardens, along with other species such as M. frondosa (showy white sepal), and M. erythrophylla (showy sepal scarlet, rose, or pink; depending of cultivar). |
http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/98-jul-aug.htm |
|
2.03 |
(1)Hardiness Range: 9B - 11 (2)Hardiness: |
(1)http://www.horticopia.com/hortpix/html/pc3677.htm (2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/37917/ (2)Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Mussaenda philippica A. Rich.. [Internet] Record number 2795 from TEXTFILE On-line. Lemmens, R.H.M.J. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 06 May 2004. |
|
2.04 |
(1)The mussaenda is an evergreen shrub related to coffee trees and native to Asia, such as Thailand, the West Indies and parts of tropical West Africa, such as Zaire. (2)Native to Philippines |
(1)http://www.mgonline.com/mussaenda.html (2)http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/98-jul-aug.htm |
|
2.05 |
(1)Common in South Florida's gardens, along with other species such as M. frondosa (showy white sepal), and M. erythrophylla (showy sepal scarlet, rose, or pink; depending of cultivar). (2)India (3)Hawaii (4)Tahiti (5)hong Kong (6)Australia |
(1)http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/98-jul-aug.htm (2)http://business.vsnl.com/knursery/ (3)http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/rubi.htm (4)http://moorea.berkeley.edu/flora/dicots.html (5)http://www.gardeninghongkong.com/cathy.htm (6)http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/magazine/your_climate/your_climate5 |
|
3.01 |
No evidence of naturalization |
|
|
3.02 |
No evidence |
|
|
3.03 |
No evidence |
|
|
3.04 |
No evidence |
|
|
3.05 |
No evidence |
|
|
4.01 |
No evidence of such structures. |
http://www.horticopia.com/hortpix/html/pc3677.htm |
|
4.02 |
No evidence |
|
|
4.03 |
No evidence |
|
|
4.04 |
Don’t know |
|
|
4.05 |
No evidence |
|
|
4.06 |
(1)The following fungi were listed to be associated with M.
philippica: |
(1)http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/all/FindRecOneFungusFrame.cfm (2)Propagation of Mussaenda philippica A. Rich. from semi-hardwood cuttings with the aid of growth regulators. Nath, J. C. / Horticultural Journal, 1992, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 55- |
|
4.07 |
(1)In its native Philippines, this species is said to be used against snake bikes and to cure dysentery. The roots and leaves in decoction are used for certain affections of the chest and lungs. The root is employed in cases of jaundice as are also the white, full-grown sepals. (2) Genus characteristics - Insome areas of the world (e.g., tropical Africa) thefruit is consumed as subsistance food |
http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/98-jul-aug.htm |
|
4.08 |
(1)probably not - Mussaendas in general require high humidity. (2)The mussaenda is an evergreen shrub |
(1)http://www.plantcare.com/catalog/tepPlantPage.php? |
|
4.09 |
(1)prefers partial shade or partial sun to full sun (2)full sun (3)When you choose a planting site keep in mindthat mussaendas require full sun. Some growers,however, find that flowering is better if someafternoon shade is provided |
(1)http://www.horticopia.com/hortpix/html/pc3677.htm
(2)http://plantsdatabase.com/go/37917/ (3)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas |
|
4.1 |
(1)decent soil but sandy is fine (2)They need a compost-enriched soil |
(1)http://mgonline.com/mussaenda.html (2)http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/magazine/your_climate/your_climate5 |
|
4.11 |
10 to 20 feet tall shrub. |
http://www.horticopia.com/hortpix/html/pc3677.htm |
|
4.12 |
"Mussaenda philippica is common in old secondary forest and thickets, up to 700 m altitude." |
Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Mussaenda philippica A. Rich.. [Internet] Record number 2795 from TEXTFILE On-line. Lemmens, R.H.M.J. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 06 May 2004. |
|
5.01 |
Rubiaceae |
|
|
5.02 |
10 to 20 feet tall shrub. |
http://www.horticopia.com/hortpix/html/pc3677.htm |
|
5.03 |
Rubiaceae |
|
|
5.04 |
Rubiaceae |
|
|
6.01 |
"fruit globular, 1.5 cm long." |
Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Mussaenda philippica A. Rich.. [Internet] Record number 2795 from TEXTFILE On-line. Lemmens, R.H.M.J. and Bunyapraphatsara, N. (Editors). PROSEA (Plant Resources of South-East Asia) Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. http://www.proseanet.org. Accessed: Thursday, 06 May 2004. |
|
6.02 |
Seeds, which are rarely available, germinate readily at a soil temperature of 66 - 75°F. |
http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas |
|
6.03 |
Hybrids sold in commerce typically feature flowers in red and/or yellow with showy sepals of white, bright red or pink. ‘Queen Sirikit’ is a popular hybrid (probably M. erythrophylla x M. philippica ‘Aurorae’) that features yellowish-white flowers with red centers and showy deep pink sepals. [don't know if natural hybridization occurs] |
http://ridgwaydb.mobot.org/kemperweb/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A531 |
|
6.04 |
Hybrids sold in commerce typically feature flowers in red and/or yellow with showy sepals of white, bright red or pink. ‘Queen Sirikit’ is a popular hybrid (probably M. erythrophylla x M. philippica ‘Aurorae’) that features yellowish-white flowers with red centers and showy deep pink sepals. |
http://ridgwaydb.mobot.org/kemperweb/plantfinder/Plant.asp?code=A531 |
|
6.05 |
(1)Fragrant yellow flowers and long lasting bracts [pink/white with yellow center; appears to be insect syndrome but long corolla tube] (2)adapted for pollination by Lepidoptera or bees |
(1)http://www.tfts.org/plant_sale_may_2000.htm (2)http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/R/RU/RUBIACEAE.htm |
|
6.06 |
No evidence |
|
|
6.07 |
Plants flower within 2 years |
http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas |
|
7.01 |
No evidence that propagules have any means of attachment |
http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/98-jul-aug.htm |
|
7.02 |
An ornamental shrub. |
http://www.ulmer.de/WEIZ2DHQkCH2aHIZ2DH2oAnAaJ2ZMDH+aEJ7DHpExAX2lBE++.HTML |
|
7.03 |
no evidence |
(1)http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/98-jul-aug.htm
(2)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas |
|
7.04 |
No evidence of adaptive structures for wind dispersal. |
|
|
7.05 |
No evidence that the species inhabits waterways. |
|
|
7.06 |
(1)The fruit is a small (to 3/4”), fleshy, somewhat elongated berry containing many seeds. (2)Not indicated as attracting birds[perhaps because it rarely fruits in cultivation] |
(1)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas |
|
7.07 |
No evidence that propagules have any means of attachment |
http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/98-jul-aug.htm |
|
7.08 |
[bird dispersal syndrome] |
http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/98-jul-aug.htm |
|
8.01 |
(1)Fruit to 1.5 cm long. (2)Genus characteristic - The fruit is a small (to 3/4”), fleshy, somewhatelongated berry containing many seeds. (3)Fruit infrequently formed in cultivation |
(1)http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/98-jul-aug.htm
(2)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas |
|
8.02 |
Seeds, which are rarely available, germinate readily at a soil temperature of 66 - 75°F. |
http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas |
|
8.03 |
No evidence that the species is being controlled for. |
|
|
8.04 |
(1)Mussaendas can stand heavy pruning and if it becomes necessary, it should be done during spring. (2)Most winters the plants are damaged by frosts and freezing weather but grow back from buds near the ground if protected by a mulch |
(1)http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:A-gO6S8Ys9UJ:miami-dade.ifas.ufl.edu/programs/commorn/publications/Mussaendas |
|
8.05 |
Don’t know |
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